Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of sleep disorders is approximately 50%, with an even higher occurrence in a psychiatric population. Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness characterized by shifts in mood and activity. The BD syndrome also involves heterogeneous symptomatology, including cognitive dysfunctions and impairments of the autonomic nervous system. Sleep abnormalities are frequently associated with BD and are often a good predictor of a mood swing. Preservation of stable sleep–wake cycles is therefore a key to the maintenance of stability in BD, indicating the crucial role of circadian rhythms in this syndrome. The symptom most widespread in BD is insomnia, followed by excessive daytime sleepiness, nightmares, difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep, poor sleep quality, sleep talking, sleep walking, and obstructive sleep apnea. Alterations in the structure or duration of sleep are reported in all phases of BD. Understanding the role of neuroglia in BD and in various aspects of sleep is in nascent state. Contributions of the different types of glial cells to BD and sleep abnormalities are discussed in this paper.
Highlights
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a recurrent disorder that affects in excess of 1% of the world population and usually has its onset in young age
If as it seems it is true that modifications of inflammatory markers and microglial function may play an important role in progression of BD, several drugs used in the treatment of this disorder could have effects on glial cells, and future studies may use these cells as targets for the development of new treatments in this way [160, 161]
Sleep disturbances are common in patients with BD; these sleep alterations are present even during euthymia, as insomnia, increased sleep latency, and variability in sleep hours
Summary
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a recurrent disorder that affects in excess of 1% of the world population and usually has its onset in young age. Patients with different psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety disorders and schizophrenia, often show circadian deregulation contributing to major functional impairments [44].
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