Abstract
To investigate the prevalence and possible determinants of sleep quality and quantity, we used data from a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 on a sample of 3120 subjects, representative of the general Italian adult population. Sleep dissatisfaction was reported by 14.2% and insufficient sleep (duration) by 29.5% of adults. Sleep dissatisfaction and insufficient sleep were directly related with age (p for trend < 0.001), and inversely related with socioeconomic class (p for trend < 0.001) and income (p for trend < 0.001). Sleep dissatisfaction was higher among women (odds ratio, OR 1.30; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.05–1.60). Insufficient sleep was inversely related to education (p for trend < 0.001) and more frequent in current compared to never smokers (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.08–1.61). Sleep dissatisfaction was higher among divorced/separated compared with married subjects (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.20–2.58) and lower among subjects living with children aged 0–14 years (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.33–0.70). Pet owners more frequently had sleep dissatisfaction (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.08–1.68) and insufficient sleep (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.23–1.73). In Italy, self-perceived sleep problems appear to be increasing. Sleep problems can contribute to aggravating health disparities in the society. The unfavourable relationship with pets (and the favourable ones with children) should be confirmed by longitudinal studies.
Highlights
To investigate the prevalence and possible determinants of sleep quality and quantity, we used data from a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 on a sample of 3120 subjects, representative of the general Italian adult population
The prevalence of subjects with sleep dissatisfaction was higher among women than men, whereas no relationship with sex was observed for insufficient sleep
Both sleep dissatisfaction and insufficient sleep increased with age: compared to < 45 the odds ratios (OR) for sleep dissatisfaction were 2.81 for 45–64 years and 4.17 for ≥ 65 years; the corresponding ORs for insufficient sleep were 2.39 and 3.25, respectively
Summary
To investigate the prevalence and possible determinants of sleep quality and quantity, we used data from a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 on a sample of 3120 subjects, representative of the general Italian adult population. In Italy, there are very few studies based on representative samples of the general population on self-reported sleep problems[18,19,20]. Using 2008–2009 time use data from ISTAT, Boffi and colleagues showed that in Italy, an average of 8 h and 17 min is spent for sleeping. Overall, they show that time spent sleeping has reduced in Italy, when compared to the past and to other European countries
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