Abstract
Slaking lime is an important and effective process for preparing mortars in conservation of historical buildings and archaeological artifacts based on lime. The lime mortars have been widely used since the Roman era, and lime became one of the important materials for conservation and restoration process to keep the authenticity of the historical materials and sustainability. In many cases, some conservators use black and white cement separately or mix with lime in conservation and restoration, or mix gypsum with lime. They think that will improve the strength of mortars, but all those procedures give bad results on the properties of the mortars, and cause irreversible deterioration for historical materials in both layers and surfaces. Through the mentioned problems, we should go back to historical documents to identify the best method for slaking process to get best results in any intervention needs lime mortars. So we depend on three historical resources from 13th A. H century the first historical manuscript message in architecture) preserved in king Saud university No.3392 without any previous criticism, the second European historical book entitled all kinds of Roman cement) translated to Arabic in 1829 AD, the third Arabic book entitled Summary of ideas in architecture), those resources presented all methods of slaking to give information for researchers to evaluate slaking process after experimental studies which depend on several factors, the main target of the research is to provide conservators with information about slaking process for preparing mortars with good properties in all conservation interventions in artefacts and historical buildings.
Highlights
This paper gives information about all methods of burning and slaking lime as mentioned in historical documents from13th century A
H to survey different methods of slaking lime, in order to choose the original methods, which used in the past to be adequate in restoration and conservation process in both historical buildings and archaeological artefact, lime mortars are usually more appropriate and similar, in terms of their permeability and hardness, to the heritage lime mortars to be restored [1]
Lime is considered one of the most important components of traditional mortars [2]. It was used in building process, plastering, rendering layers for wall buildings [3]. and in conservation process of the historical and archaeological heritage, which was depend on lime and its component in the past, getting lime for mortars takes circle start with transferring lime stone or other sources of lime, burning process and slaking. (Figure 1) shows lime circle [4]
Summary
This paper gives information about all methods of burning and slaking lime as mentioned in historical documents from13th century A. In conservation process of the historical and archaeological heritage, which was depend on lime and its component in the past, getting lime for mortars takes circle start with transferring lime stone or other sources of lime, burning process and slaking. The wet lime comes from coastal environment is called quick lime from the dry seashells and this may be the reason for naming of this kind of lime they did not make any powdering of the lime Sometimes they use it without powdering, they mix it with hemp and they added oxides to get the required colour whether in building with stones or in ceiling. According to other resources to get best properties there are some specification for choosing best qualities like hard, heavy and fine aggregates and should be integrated together They confirmed that calcareous gravel and marble gives good sources. The problems of using cement are various between salts efflorescence's in the presence of any moisture source, the high tensile strength on the historical layers and irreversible deterioration of archaeological surfaces and layers
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