Abstract
Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions for simultaneous optimization of dependent variables, including DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), tyrosinase activity inhibition (TAI), and collagenase activity inhibition (CAI) of peanut shell extracts. The effects of the main variables including extraction time (5.0~55.0 min, X1), extraction temperature (26.0~94.0 °C, X2), and ethanol concentration (0.0%~99.5%, X3) were optimized. Based on experimental values from each condition, quadratic regression models were derived for the prediction of optimum conditions. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the independent variable was in the range of 0.89~0.96, which demonstrates that the regression model is suitable for the prediction. In predicting optimal UAE conditions based on the superimposing method, extraction time of 31.2 min, extraction temperature of 36.6 °C, and ethanol concentration of 93.2% were identified. Under these conditions, RSA of 74.9%, TAI of 50.6%, and CAI of 86.8% were predicted, showing good agreement with the experimental values. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that peanut shell extract decreased mRNA levels of tyrosinase-related protein-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 genes in B16-F0 cell. Therefore, we identified the skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle effects of peanut shell extracts at protein as well as gene expression levels, and the results show that peanut shell is an effective cosmetic material for skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle effects. Based on this study, peanut shell, which was considered a byproduct, can be used for the development of healthy foods, medicines, and cosmetics.
Highlights
Melanin is a brown-or black-colored polymer pigment that is synthesized from the melanosomes of melanocytes in the epidermis
The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions were optimized using central composite design (CCD) and it was confirmed that the choice of solvent and concentration should be considered in extraction of bioactive compounds from peanut shells
It has been confirmed that radical scavenging activity (RSA) of peanut shell extracts is very high and can be expected to increase in tyrosinase activity inhibition (TAI) and collagenase activity inhibition (CAI), which are indicators of skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle effects, respectively
Summary
Melanin is a brown-or black-colored polymer pigment that is synthesized from the melanosomes of melanocytes in the epidermis. Such species have promoted the continuous oxidation of tyrosine, resulting in an increased production of melanin In this regard, studies are actively conducted on the inhibition of tyrosinase activity as well as the removal of ROS in order to develop skin-whitening agents [6]. Ultrasound is advantageous, in that its short extraction time minimizes the decomposition of bioactive compounds and it is evaluated as an effective method for extracting natural ingredients with antioxidant, whitening, and anti-wrinkling properties from many plants and herbs [17]. This study extracted bioactive compounds from a peanut shell by employing the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to confirm their antioxidant, whitening, and anti-wrinkle effects and further presented an optimal UAE condition using the response surface method (RSM) and increased the functionality of extracts in order to confirm the possibility of its use as food, cosmetics, and medical ingredients
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