Abstract
In this work, we evaluated the efficiency of cerium oxide as sunscreen using titanium oxide as standard comparison material. Geant4 software was used to perform numerical simulation, we calculated the radiation dose that ultraviolet radiation deposits in a skin sample as a function of thin film thickness of the sunscreens. We found that in the interval between 5 and 15 nm of the thin film thickness and for wavelengths between 160 and 400 nm, cerium oxide has the potential to reduce the radiation dose more than 10% with respect to the same thickness band of titanium oxide. Using thin films of cerium oxide and titanium oxide with same thicknesses and greater than 45 nm, the difference in the attenuation of the radiation dose for both materials is less than 1%. The results lead us to propose cerium oxide as an alternative material to titanium oxide for the manufacture of sunscreens.
Highlights
The interactions between nanoparticles and cells are a crucial issue with regard to two fields: nanomedicine and nanotoxicology
Using thin films of cerium oxide and titanium oxide with same thicknesses and greater than 45 nm, the difference in the attenuation of the radiation dose for both materials is less than 1%
The typical radiation dose (RD) deposited without sunscreen in the skin sample by different energies is shown on the ordinate axis corresponding to a thin film thickness of 0 nm; here, we can see that the UV radiation with higher wavelength deposits a lower RD in the skin sample, while the UV radiation with lower wavelength deposits a higher RD
Summary
The interactions between nanoparticles and cells are a crucial issue with regard to two fields: nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. The three main types of cutaneous malignancy are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma All of these types of malignancy are associated with excess exposure to ultraviolet radiation, commonly in the form of natural sunlight (MacKie, 2000). The potential negative effects of UV radiation on human health, discussed in the previous paragraphs, are the motivation to carry out the present work, this involves evaluating thin films of CeO2 as a plausible sunscreen. With this aim, we developed a numerical simulation using Geant software, with which, we calculated the radiation dose that UV radiation fluxes with different energies deposited in the skin as a function of thin films thickness of CeO2 and TiO2
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