Abstract
Skin disorders showing abnormal pigmentation are often difficult to manage because of their uncertain etiology or pathogenesis. Abnormal pigmentation is a common symptom accompanying aging skin. The association between skin aging and skin pigmentation abnormalities can be attributed to certain inherited disorders characterized by premature aging and abnormal pigmentation in the skin and some therapeutic modalities effective for both. Several molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, DNA damage, telomere shortening, hormonal changes, and autophagy impairment, have been identified as involved in skin aging. Although each of these skin aging-related mechanisms are interconnected, this review examined the role of each mechanism in skin hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation to propose the possible association between skin aging and pigmentation abnormalities.
Highlights
Pigmentation Abnormalities and Melanin pigmentation plays a critical role in protecting the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Pigmentation abnormalities associated with skin aging have recently drawn attention, not many reports have described the changes in melanin pigmentation in aged human skin, and the role of skin aging in pigmentation abnormalities remains to be clarified
To propose the possible role of skin aging in abnormal pigmentation, the association between the identified mechanisms involved in skin aging and skin pigmentation abnormalities in various inherited and acquired disorders were reviewed
Summary
Pigmentation Abnormalities and Melanin pigmentation plays a critical role in protecting the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Excessive or deficient amounts of melanin cause disorders showing abnormal skin pigmentation. Wrinkling and laxity are well-identified symptoms [1], abnormal pigmentation is a common symptom in aging skin [2,3,4,5]. Human skin undergoes chronological aging and environmental aging. Autophagy impairment is involved in aging and the senescence of skin cells [11,12]. After a brief description of skin pigmentation and skin conditions showing abnormal pigmentation accompanied by aging, this review covers the association between each of the mechanisms implicated in skin aging and skin hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation to provide a basis for their possible relationship.
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