Abstract
Skimmin is the major pharmacologically active component present in Hydrangea paniculata, in the traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent, and its anti-inflammation and anti-diabetic effect has had been studied in previous studies. The metabolism of glucose plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Therefore, it was identified as an important target for improving diabetic. Herein, we found that skimmin relieved the palmitic acid and high-fat and high sugar-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, skimmin enhanced the glucose uptake via inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing the level of inflammatory correlation factor. Meanwhile, skimmin reduced the glucose output by promoting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and down-regulating the expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). In conclusion, skimmin can improve the insulin resistance by increasing glucose uptake and decreasing glucose output in vitro and in vivo.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases which characterized by multiple etiologies caused chronic hyperglycemia
The results indicated that the glucose consumption was highest in the 0.2 mmol/L of palmitic acid
Our studies found that skimmin can inhibit palmitic acid-induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and 40 mmol/L skimmin was more obvious using flow cytometry assay (P < 0.05), which was better than metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes (Figure 3A)
Summary
Type 2 diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases which characterized by multiple etiologies caused chronic hyperglycemia. The main cause of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance means the physiological doses of insulin cannot get their normal biological effects, and decrease the uptake and utilization of glucose (Sathya Bhama et al, 2012). The previous studies indicated that the number of people with diabetes in China have reached 92.4 million in 2010 (Yang et al, 2010). The people of diabetes will be reached 336 million in 2030 (Wild et al, 2004). The establishment of insulin resistance model opens a window to study diabetes. Palmitic acid was usually used to induce the model of insulin resistance in HepG2 cells (Chen et al, 2019)
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