Abstract

AbstractIn several unconfined aquifers under irrigated agricultural areas, the groundwater system consists of a saturated porous medium containing miscible fluids (fresh groundwater and saline groundwater). The native groundwater is deep and saline because of the marine origin of the hydrogeologic formation. However, fresh groundwater lenses from deep percolation of the extensive water conveyance and distribution system, as well as from irrigation and rainfall, overlie this native saline groundwater.The thickness of these fresh groundwater lenses varies from a few meters to more than 100 meters.Farmers are using this skimmed groundwater to fill the gap between the supply and demand of surface water in the conjunctive water use environment of the Indus Basin of Pakistan.

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