Skeletal age estimation of living adolescents and young adults: A pilot study on conventional radiography versus magnetic resonance imaging and staging technique versus atlas method

Abstract

ObjectiveTo compare conventional radiography (CR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the left hand/wrist and both clavicles for forensic age estimation of adolescents and young adults. Materials and MethodsCR and MRI were prospectively conducted in 108 healthy Caucasian volunteers (52 males, 56 females) aged 16 to 21 years. Skeletal development was assessed by allocating stages (wrist, clavicles) and atlas standards (hand/wrist). Inter- and intra-observer agreements were quantified using linear weighted Cohen’s kappa, and descriptive statistics regarding within-stage/standard age distributions were reported. ResultsInter- and intra-observer agreements for hand/wrist CR (staging technique: 0.840–0.871 and 0.877–0.897, respectively; atlas method: 0.636–0.947 and 0.853–0.987, respectively) and MRI (staging technique: 0.890–0.932 and 0.897–0.952, respectively; atlas method: 0.854–0.941 and 0.775–0.978, respectively) were rather similar. The CR atlas method was less reproducible than the staging technique. Inter- and intra-observer agreements for clavicle CR (0.590–0.643 and 0.656–0.770, respectively) were lower than those for MRI (0.844–0.852 and 0.866–0.931, respectively). Furthermore, although shifted, wrist CR and MRI within-stage age distribution spread were similar, as were those between staging techniques and atlas methods. The possibility to apply (profound) substages to clavicle MRI rendered a more gradual increase of age distributions with increasing stages, compared to CR. ConclusionsFor age estimation based on the left hand/wrist and both clavicles, reference data should be considered anatomical structure- and imaging modality-specific. Moreover, CR is adequate for hand/wrist evaluation and a wrist staging technique seems to be more useful than an atlas method. By contrast, MRI is of added value for clavicle evaluation.