Abstract
The exponential rise of renewable energy sources and microgrids brings about the challenge of guaranteeing frequency stability in low-inertia grids through the use of energy storage systems. This paper reviews the frequency response of an ac power system, highlighting its different time scales and control actions. Moreover, it pinpoints main distinctions among high-inertia interconnected systems relying on synchronous machines and low-inertia systems with high penetration of converter-interfaced generation. Grounded on these concepts and with a set of assumptions, it derives algebraic equations to rate an energy storage system providing inertial and primary control. The equations are independent of the energy storage technology, robust to system nonlinearities, and rely on parameters that are typically defined by system operators, industry standards, or network codes. Using these results, the authors provide a step-by-step procedure to size the main components of a converter-interfaced hybrid energy storage system. Finally, a case study of a wind-powered oil and gas platform in the North Sea demonstrates with numerical examples how the proposed methodology 1) can be applied in a practical problem and 2) allows the system designer to take advantage of different technologies and set specific requirements for each storage device and converter according to the type of frequency control provided.
Highlights
IntroductionDesign, and operation of ac power systems (ACPSs) are becoming more involved
Planning, design, and operation of ac power systems (ACPSs) are becoming more involved
This paper reviewed the frequency response theory in ac power systems, highlighting the different time periods and control actions of the frequency-control problem
Summary
Design, and operation of ac power systems (ACPSs) are becoming more involved. Groups of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources, known as microgrids (MGs) (IEEE, 2018a; IEEE, 2018b), can form islands and operate independently from the interconnected power system From this perspective, energy storage systems (ESSs) can help to balance demand and supply and control frequency, voltage, and power flows in isolated power systems or MGs operating in islanded mode. Energy storage systems (ESSs) can help to balance demand and supply and control frequency, voltage, and power flows in isolated power systems or MGs operating in islanded mode These features increase the stability and security of the system and its efficiency and asset utilization (Fu et al, 2013; Strbac et al, 2015). These desired features can be achieved only with the proper sizing of ESSs
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