Abstract
The characterisation of changes in coral communities depends heavily on systematic monitoring programs and the collection of necessary metrics to assess reef health. Coral cover is the most used metric to determine reef health. The current organizational shift in coral requires the evaluation of complementary metrics, such as colony size and frequency distributions, which help to infer the responses of the coral populations to local stress or larger scale environmental changes. In this study, underwater digital photogrammetry techniques were used to assess the live cover of all coral colonies ≥3 cm2 and determine the size-frequency distribution of the dominant species in the shallow reefs of the Cozumel Reefs National Park (CRNP). In addition, the minimum sampling area (m2) needed to obtain a representative sample of the local species pool was estimated. Areas between 550 and 825 m2 per reef were photographed to generate high-resolution digital ortho-mosaics. The live area of the colonies was digitised to generate community matrices of species and abundance. EstimateS software was used to generate accumulation curves and diversity (Shannon H′) at increasing area intervals. Chi-Square tests (χ2, p = 0.05) were used to compare the observed vs estimated species richness. Spearman’s coefficients (rs), were calculated to correlate the increase in sampling area (m2) vs H′, and the Clench’s function was used to validate the observed richness (R2 = 1 and R > 90%). SIMPER analysis was performed to identify dominant species. Comparisons in terms of abundance, coral cover and size-frequencies were performed with Kruskal-Wallis (H test, p = 0.05), and paired Mann-Whitney (U test, p = 0.05). In order to obtain 90% of the species richness, a minimum sampling area of 374 m2is needed. This sampling area could be used in shallow Caribbean reefs with similar characteristics. Twelve (mainly non-massive) species: Agaricia agaricites, A humilis, A. tenuifolia, Eusmilia fastigiata, Meandrina meandrites, Montastrea cavernosa, Orbicella annularis, Porites astreoides, P. porites, Pseudodiploria strigosa, Siderastrea radians andS. siderea, were dominant in terms of abundance and coral cover. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in the number of colonies and live coral (m2) was observed from north to south of the study area. Furthermore, a wide intraspecific variation of size-frequency, even between adjacent reefs, was also observed. The size-frequency distributions presented positive skewness and negative kurtosis, which are related to stable populations, with a greater number of young colonies and a constant input of recruits. Considering the increase in disturbances in the Caribbean and the appearance of a new coral disease, digital photogrammetry techniques allow coral community characteristics to be assessed at high spatial resolutions and over large scales, which would be complementary to conventional monitoring programs.
Highlights
Coral reefs are among the most ecologically and economically productive marine ecosystems
The only exception was Cardona (Fig. 2G), where the curve began to stabilize after 450 m2, which seems to be related to the presence of a few rare species, such as Scolymia sp., which was only observed in this reef and A. palmata, which was only recorded in Cardona and Colombia
The ortho-mosaics obtained from photogrammetry provide repeatable, high resolution measurements that can be used to track coral assemblages in the short term at very fine scales
Summary
Coral reefs are among the most ecologically and economically productive marine ecosystems. Coral reefs are locally and regionally subjected to a wide range of natural and human stressors, including overfishing, coastal development, algal blooms, disease outbreaks, invasive species, hurricanes and the effects of climate change, which have generated dramatic shifts in the community structure and composition (Glynn, 1984; Hoegh-Guldberg, 1999; Gardner et al, 2003; Bellwood et al, 2004; Carpenter et al, 2008; Obura & Grimsdith, 2009). The environmental goods and services obtained from coral reef ecosystems (e.g., coastal protection against hurricanes, food and income for local communities) are seriously threatened (Moberg & Folke, 1999; Hoegh-Guldberg et al, 2007; Franklin et al, 2018). The previously dominant reef-builders, such as the branching species, Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata, or massive corals such as the Orbicella complex, have been disproportionately susceptible to several disturbances (e.g., bleaching events, disease outbreaks, among others) (Bruckner & Bruckner, 2006; Weil, Croquer & Urreiztieta, 2009), and opportunistic, small-sized coral species, such as Agaricia agaricites and Porites astreoides, have increased in abundance, dominating the current coral assemblages throughout the Caribbean (Alvarez-Filip et al, 2013; Estrada-Saldívar et al, 2019)
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