Size-based intraspecific variations along altitudinal gradient and follow of Bergmann’s rule in Parthenium beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister

Abstract

Abstract Body size in insects is coupled with numerous physiological, life-history and ecological traits. Its variation along temperature gradient is widely studied. However, information regarding variations in body size of insects along altitudinal gradient is limited. Present study was designed considering hypothesis that there would be an increase in body size of Parthenium beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) with increasing altitude and decreasing in temperature. To achieve the objectives, beetles were collected from three eco-climatic zones of NEPAL [Kathmandu (1400 mts, 24 °C; warm temperate zone), Chitwan (415 mts, 25 °C; upper tropical/sub-tropical zone), and Mahendranagar (229 mts, 34 °C; humid subtropical zone)], and one of INDIA [Varanasi (81 mts, 36 °C; humid subtropical zone)] for their morphometric analysis (body length and body biomass). Results revealed that the size of beetles in all eco-climatic zones increased with increasing altitude and decreasing temperature. While adults of Kathmandu were largest, followed by Chitwan and Mahendranagar, but those of Varanasi were smallest in size. The sex ratio was female-biased in Kathmandu and Varanasi, but was male-biased in Chitwan and Mahendranagar. Irrespective of temperature and altitude, females were larger than males in all eco-climatic zones. Our results affirmed our hypothesis and were in compliance with Bergmann’s rule. The findings may be helpful in understanding phenotypic plasticity and distribution pattern of Z. bicolorata adults in Indian sub-continent under global climate change scenario.