Abstract
Five species of Hydnum have been generally recognized from eastern North America based on morphological recognition: H.albidum, H.albomagnum, H.repandum and varieties, H.rufescens, and H.umbilicatum. Other unique North American species, such as H.caespitosum and H.washingtonianum, are either illegitimately named or considered synonymous with European taxa. Here, seventeen phylogenetic species of Hydnum are detected from eastern North America based on a molecular phylogenetic survey of ITS sequences from herbarium collections and GenBank data, including environmental sequences. Based on current distribution results, sixteen of these species appear endemic to North America. Of these, six species are described as new: H.alboaurantiacum, H.cuspidatum, H.ferruginescens, H.subconnatum, H.subtilior, and H.vagabundum. Geographic range extensions and taxonomic notes are provided for five additional species recently described as new from eastern North America. A new name, H.geminum, is proposed for H.caespitosum Banning ex Peck, non Valenti. Overall, species of Hydnum are best recognized by a combination of morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Taxonomic descriptions are provided for seventeen species, including epitype designations for H.albidum, H.albomagnum, and H.umbilicatum, taxa described more than 100 years ago, and molecular annotation of the isotype of H.washingtonianum. Photographs and a key to eastern North American Hydnum species are presented.
Highlights
Hydnum L: Fr (=Dentinum Gray) is a genus of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom-forming fungi found primarily in temperate forests of Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America
Of the two small white species of Hydnum that occur in eastern North America (Fig. 3A-D), both H. albidum and H. alboaurantiacum have small subglobose basdiospores (Fig. 6A–B)
While we were unable to successfully sequence DNA from the holotype of H. albidum, several collections from the region of the type locality are consistent with the morphology of the holotype of H. albidum, and one of these is designated as an epitype
Summary
Hydnum L: Fr (=Dentinum Gray) is a genus of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom-forming fungi found primarily in temperate forests of Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Following a global survey of diversity in the genus which estimated 31 species worldwide based on molecular phylogenetic analysis (Feng et al 2016), additional taxonomic work in Europe and North America has raised the global species count to 34 (Buyck et al 2017, Niskanen et al 2018), which is estimated to be less than half of the total number of Hydnum species (Niskanen et al 2018). The genus is distributed mostly in temperate areas, with a few reports from tropical and subtropical forests in southeast Asia (Lee et al 2002, Feng et al 2016) and the neotropics (Garibay-Orijel et al 2006, Sarmiento and Fontecha 2013, Feng et al 2016, Niskanen et al 2018)
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