Situational Crime Prevention: Theoretical Background and Current Practice

Abstract

Situational crime prevention is quite different from most other criminological approaches to crime control. Proceeding from an analysis of the settings giving rise to specific kinds of crime or disorder, it seeks to introduce discrete managerial and environmental changes that will reduce the opportunities or incentives for crime. Thus, it is focused on the settings in which crimes occur, rather than on those committing criminal acts. It does not try to eliminate criminal tendencies by arresting and sanctioning offenders or by improving society or its institutions. Rather, it seeks to make crime less attractive and it operates, not through the criminal justice system, but through a host of public and private organizations and agencies – schools, hospitals, transit systems, shops and malls, manufacturing businesses and phone companies, local parks and entertainment facilities, pubs and parking lots – whose products, services, and operations spawn opportunities and incentives for a vast range of different crimes. Felson (2002) describes the main sources of these opportunities and incentives, some of which are summarized in Table 14.1 under the five categories of criminogenic products, poor management, poorly designed buildings and places, “leaky systems,” and criminogenic laws. Researchers in the Home Office Research Unit, the British government’s criminological research department, formulated situational prevention nearly 30 years ago (Clarke, 1980). It was originally thought to be applicable only to “opportunistic” property offenses, such as car theft vandalism and burglary. Quite soon, however, it was applied successfully to assaults, robberies,