Site Dependence of the Binding Energy of Water to Indole: Microscopic Approach to the Side Chain Hydration of Tryptophan

Abstract

A microscopic approach to the in vacuo energetics of the binding of a water molecule to the side chain of tryptophan, modeled by an indole molecule, is presented. Two binding sites have been studied, the most bound one, which corresponds to the conventional NH−OH2 hydrogen bond and a slightly less bound, so-called π-type hydrogen bond in which the hydrogen atoms interact with the π aromatic ring of indole. The structure of these two complexation sites as well as the potential energy surface has been obtained by a semiempirical model coupled with efficient procedures for the exploration of the surface. The H-bonded complex was observed in the supersonic expansion, and its binding energy (4.84 ± 0.23 kcal/mol) was measured using a laser two-color photofragmentation technique. The nonstandard H-bonded complex, not observed with indole, was observed with 1-methylindole, a substituted indole, in which the formation of the conventional bond is hindered. Its binding energy, measured with a similar accuracy (4.10 ± 0.14 kcal/mol), can be used as a fair estimate of the binding energy of the π-type complex of indole−water, as suggested by our calculations. The small difference in the binding energy between the two gas-phase complexes suggests that, although being traditionally considered as a highly hydrophobic residue, the side chain of tryptophan is not only able to established a H-bond with a proton acceptor but also can exhibit significant nonstandard interactions with an aqueous environment.