Site conditions more than species identity drive fine root biomass, morphology and spatial distribution in temperate pure and mixed forests

Abstract

AimThe establishment of broadleaved - conifer mixtures has had positive effects on productivity. However, it is still not clear the degree to which belowground space occupation contributes to these effects and how root traits of the respective species differ between mixed and pure stands. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine how enrichment of beech forests with conifer species impacts fine root biomass and other root traits across variable site conditions. MethodsWe studied 20 mature pure and mixed stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and determined differences in biomass, spatial distribution, and morphology of fine roots (≤2 mm, to 60 cm soil depth) among beech – conifer mixtures and pure stands of the respective species in two regions with differing site conditions in Northern Germany. ResultsSite conditions had strong effects on fine root biomass (FRB) and fine root area index (RAI). Both FRB and RAI were significantly higher across all stand types on the sites with lower belowground resource availability. On the less favorable sites, FRB significantly increased with increasing beech proportion. In contrast to specific root area (SRA) and RAI, specific root length (SRL) was not affected by site conditions but differed significantly among species. No overyielding was observed when FRB was plotted against basal area and/or area potentially available (APA), which reflects the aboveground horizontal space configuration. Spatial fine root biomass patterns of all species in both monospecific and mixed stands changed along the vertical soil profile at both sites. FRB decreased with increasing soil depth, with the exception of beech in mixed stands. ConclusionOur data suggest that both amount and distribution of tree fine roots in pure and mixed stands are highly variable and depend primarily on-site conditions and secondarily on tree species identity. By disentangling soil and species identity effects, we conclude that beech has a remarkable potential for adjusting fine root biomass to cope with unfavorable conditions as compared to spruce and Douglas-fir.