Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs), enzymes from the family of NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases, play an important role in the functioning of the body at the cellular level and participate in many biochemical processes. The multi-directionality of SIRTs encourages scientists to undertake research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of their action and the influence that SIRTs have on the organism. At the same time, new substances are constantly being sought that can modulate the action of SIRTs. Extensive research on the expression of SIRTs in various pathological conditions suggests that regulation of their activity may have positive results in supporting the treatment of certain metabolic, neurodegenerative or cancer diseases or this connected with oxidative stress. Due to such a wide spectrum of activity, SIRTs may also be a prognostic markers of selected pathological conditions and prove helpful in assessing their progression, especially by modulating their activity. The article presents and discusses the activating or inhibiting impact of individual SIRTs modulators. The review also gathered selected currently available information on the expression of SIRTs in individual disease cases as well as the biological role that SIRTs play in the human organism, also in connection with oxidative stress condition, taking into account the progress of knowledge about SIRTs over the years, with particular reference to the latest research results.
Highlights
The change in gene expression accompanying gene inheritance does not have to be related to the direct modification of the genetic code, but may take place through an extra-genomic mechanism, which is related to the ability to modify the histone proteins included in the chromatin, strongly bound to the DNA helix
The structure, biological functions, target location, SIRTs are enzyme proteins that belong to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and the main substrates of catalytic activity have been discussed in detail in numerous (NAD+) family of histone deacetylases
Studies by Hu et al [190] conducted on cell cultures showed that an increase in SIRT1 expression was observed in neoplastic cells that were treated with curcumin
Summary
The change in gene expression accompanying gene inheritance does not have to be related to the direct modification of the genetic code, but may take place through an extra-genomic mechanism, which is related to the ability to modify the histone proteins included in the chromatin, strongly bound to the DNA helix. SIRT5 uses NAD as a cofactor in the ADP-ribose group for target proteins. The structure, biological functions, target location, SIRTs are enzyme proteins that belong to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and the main substrates of catalytic activity have been discussed in detail in numerous (NAD+) family of histone deacetylases. Many scientific studies focus on the analysis of the activity changes of SIRTs in pathological conditions, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases, through liver ailments, digestive system maladies, infertility and insulin resistance, to neoplastic states and oxidative stress conditions [16,17,18,19] Due to such a wide range of activities, SIRTs have aroused particular interest among researchers in recent years. The participation of SIRTs and the degree of their expression in selected disease entities is presented and discussed in the context of their main roles in the organism
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