Abstract
Color marble-like glass-ceramic materials were obtained through thermal treatment of glasses of the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 by using natural materials with the introduction of waste materials - ash from thermal power plants (TPP). The melting of the glass batch was in corundum crucibles at 1450oC with an isothermal hold of 60 min. The glasses obtained was fritted in distilled water and dried for 6 hours at 100oC, then completely crushed and divided into fractions with grain size of 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm and over 2.5 mm. It was found that the use of ash from TPP lead to higher values of degree of transformation (crystallization) than using base composition. Values of Avramy parameter’s in the range n=1,0 ÷ 1,6 are showed that crystallization of the glass frit is largely heterogeneous and crystal growing starts from the surface. The introduction of ash from TPP to native glasses carry out to significant reduction of energy of crystallization by Ес=289 kJ/mol to Ec=221 kJ/mol. The glass-ceramic materials were obtained through a one stage crystallization - 1050÷1070оС and an isothermal hold of 60 min., colored white, yellow brown to dark brown. The main crystalline phase in glass-ceramics is β-vollastonite with needle habit, size of crystals - ĺ = 40 ÷ 120 μm and d <5 μm in quantities 37 ÷ 42%. As secondary phases depending on the amount of ash have been identified - the anorthite, gehlenite and α-quartz with prismatic habit were appeared. The obtained glass-ceramic materials have a marble-like effect and technical parameters compared with natural granite and marble and have higher values of density, micro hardness, speed grinding, bending strength and chemical resistance. That’s why they can be used in construction such as lining materials.
Highlights
The world beneath the bonnet, or the hood, of automobiles, is quite harsh
He was joined by Ford, GM, Chrysler, BMW, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar/Land Rover, Kia, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Toyota, and Volvo, which together account for over 90% of vehicles sold in the USA, as well as the United Auto Workers (UAW), and the State of California
Brian Baleno, global market manager at Solvay Advanced Polymers LLC (Alpharetta, GA), says: “[There is a] higher emphasis in Europe on overall system efficiency and fuel economy gained by using plastic where metals were historically used.”
Summary
The world beneath the bonnet, or the hood, of automobiles, is quite harsh. Cycling temperatures and constant vibration create severe stresses on parts. The major increases in stringency and changes in CAFÉ’ structure create a need for research that incorporates the demand and supply sides of the new vehicle market in a more detailed manner than was needed with static fuel economy standards. At this year’s SAE Congress in Detroit, lightweight materials were again a hot topic. Moulding parts from nylon to replace aluminium, Nissan’s engineers were able to reduce weight by 40% They achieved similar savings by converting electric water valve assembly used on the Armada, Quest, and Titan from steel to plastic. Materials testing, design parameter definitions, virtual modelling, process simulation, prototyping and testing are discussed in the paper for added guidance towards similar conversion programs
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