Abstract
Polycrystalline xBa0.95Sr0.05TiO3-(1 - x)BiFe0.90Gd0.10O3 ceramics were prepared by standard solid state reaction technique using the solid solution of BaCO3, SrCO3, TiO2, Bi2O3, Fe2O3 and Gd2O3. The compound is a BiFeO3 based multiferroic material which contains both magnetic and electric properties. The synthesized ceramics noticed better properties than xBaTiO3-(1 - x)BiFeO3 because of adding rare earth element Gd which have higher magnetic moment than Fe. The prepared samples were sintered at 900˚C, 950˚C and 1000˚C for 1 h. The effect of sintering temperature on density of the compound, complex initial permeability, dielectric properties and complex impedance analysis was reported in this article. Density of the ceramics was found to be enhanced with the rise in sintering temperature which implied porosity of the compound decreased when sintering temperature was increased. Enhanced complex initial permeability was noticed for the samples up to 950˚C and this might be attributed to reducing the motion of domain wall when the ceramics were sintered above 950˚C. Value of dielectric constant increased whereas dielectric loss decreased and these modifications might be expected because of changing density and grain size due to the variation of sintering temperature. Grain resistance (resistance due to grains) was determined from complex impedance analysis and it reduced with the rise in sintering temperature. The studied multiferroic material exhibited weak ferromagnetism but is an alternative product of environmental hazard lead (Pb) based multiferroic material and it is expected to be environment friendly.
Highlights
The compounds that consist of metallic and nonmetallic elemental solids are defined as ceramics which are formed by the application of heat and pressure [1]
X-ray diffraction is one of the important tools to determine the various phases of the synthesized perovskites as well as their unit cell structure
The effect of sintering temperature on density, complex initial permeability, dielectric properties and impedance characteristics of the prepared material is illustrated in the above section and discussion of the observations are mentioned below
Summary
The compounds that consist of metallic and nonmetallic elemental solids are defined as ceramics which are formed by the application of heat and pressure [1]. Ceramics have very low electrical conductivity due to ionic-covalent bonding which does not form free electrons. Most of the ceramics exhibit ferroelectric behavior. BaTiO3 (BT) is an example of ceramics that have high dielectric constant and it has an enormous application in electronic and solid-state devices such as multilayer capacitors (MLCs), actuators, piezoelectric motor, transducers, filter, resonator, micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) etc. There are several ceramics that exhibit good magnetic properties and ferrites are the example of this kind ceramics. Nowadays researchers are very much interested to work with the materials having both the electric and magnetic properties simultaneously such as multiferroic materials
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