Abstract
AbstractSinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) is a novel sensitizer discovered by Professor Fang Qi-Cheng and widely used in photodynamic (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). We searched databases including PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, etc. for system review of its progress. We found that, both DVDMS-PDT and -SDT had been proven effective for inhibiting tumor growth and mechanisms involved reactive oxygen species, autophagy, and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. Material advances enhanced antitumor effects and expanded its application. The safety of DVDMS in animals was evaluated, and metabolic parameters were uncovered. Additionally, DVDMS-PDT also exhibited therapeutic effects on non-neoplastic diseases like psoriasis and bacterial infections. Two phase I clinical trials of DVDMS have been documented, but recruitments had still not been completed. In conclusion, DVDMS is a promising sensitizer for both PDT and SDT; however, there are some shortcomings in previous studies like inconsistent treatment parameters, which need systematic assessments in future. Moreover, more mechanisms such as the role of autophagy need to be discovered. Further evidence of the safety and effectiveness of new materials are needed, and the application in non-neoplastic diseases like actinic keratosis and fungal infection deserves further development. Above all, promoting its clinical applications is the most important goal.
Highlights
What is the future of photodynamic therapy (PDT)? The answer may be finding of novel photosensitizers
The antibacterial effect of DVDMS-PDT on Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated and it was found that the fluorescence intensity of DVDMS in bacteria peaked at 75 min after co-incubation; more than 90% of the bacteria were effectively killed by DVDMS-PDT (2 mM DVDMS with 10 J/cm2 light irradiation)
Efforts may be needed for applications in non-neoplastic diseases, selection of treatment parameters, and understanding the mechanisms that underlie PDT and sonodynamic therapy (SDT)
Summary
What is the future of photodynamic therapy (PDT)? The answer may be finding of novel photosensitizers. There are still many shortcomings mainly because it is a polymer, and some of its components are ineffective and toxic [2,6] Fang and his team [7] established a HPLC method for analyzing porphyrin photosensitizers and systematically analyzed Photofrin. Among the three isomer dimers, the second one was chosen as the target compound on account of its high yield and purity, and better solubility This compound was named sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS, Figure 1), and subsequently the synthesis route was redesigned [8]. The antitumor effects of DVDMS-PDT and safety evaluations were completed, the efficacy of monomeric DVDMS was 10-fold stronger compared with Photofrin, and the toxicity was only increased by 2-fold, so the therapeutic window was greatly.
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