Abstract
Building energy conservation has gained tremendous interest since the 1970s energy crisis. Building energy standards have been established as prescribed guidelines for energy savings in buildings worldwide, among which those from China and the United States of America (USA) are representative of their advanced concept, comprehensive content and prospective guidance. This paper collected and generalized the main building energy standards in China (GB50189, JGJ26, JGJ134 and JGJ75) and the USA (ASHRAE 90.1), in terms of updating history, current status, energy saving potential and future development directions. Furthermore, a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the selected standards was performed. The results show that China has a more intact and comprehensive building energy standard system, better implementation, higher improvement in energy saving rates, and a more perspicacious upgrade towards zero-energy target, which results in effective energy savings in buildings. The ASHRAE standards have more fixed chapter framework, integrity and independence between versions, more detailed classification of building envelope and HVAC systems but less effective energy-saving effect and relatively poor implementation. The actual efficiency of standards in building energy saving is synthetically determined by the standard content, efficient implementation and explicit guidelines for future development, which is achieved through four main procedures. Based on the results, recommendations have been proposed for the future development of building energy standards with the ultimate goal toward zero energy buildings.
Highlights
Due to global concern of climate change and CO2 emissions, building energy conservation is of pivotal significance as building energy consumption accounts for approximately30% of world total energy consumption [1,2]
90.1 has not been adopted in any states in the United States of America (USA) by the end of 2020, most states still adopt ASHRAE 90.1-2009 and 2013 versions, which are much older than the latest version
The technical standard of ultra-low, nearly zero and zero energy buildings must be imperatively promoted throughout the country and gradually enforced according to the building energy consumption trend estimated for the institutional guarantee of carbon peak in 2030 and neutralization in Building energy standards represent prescriptive guidance and technical instruction for scientifically developing the energy-saving process that can form a solid foundation in the future development of building industry
Summary
Due to global concern of climate change and CO2 emissions, building energy conservation is of pivotal significance as building energy consumption accounts for approximately30% of world total energy consumption [1,2]. Due to global concern of climate change and CO2 emissions, building energy conservation is of pivotal significance as building energy consumption accounts for approximately. Numerous countries have taken building energy conservation as priority for GHG emissions reduction and climate change mitigation. Ambitious goals have been set for building energy-savings in different countries and regions [3]. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has set the goal to maintain the global temperature rise within 2 ◦ C above the pre-industrial level towards 2050 through the reductions in carbon emissions [4]. In order to respond to these policies and regulations related to zero-energy building, many studies have been conducted to estimate the effect of zero energy building constructions to the whole building stock and global climatic conditions [7,8,9]. Salem investigated the impact of zero energy building constructions on the built environment through simulations of zero-energy building standards to existing
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