Abstract
Dental stem cells have been isolated from the medical waste of various dental tissues. They have been characterized by numerous markers, which are evaluated herein and differentiated into multiple cell types. They can also be used to generate cell lines and iPSCs for long-term in vitro research. Methods for utilizing these stem cells including cellular systems such as organoids or cell sheets, cell-free systems such as exosomes, and scaffold-based approaches with and without drug release concepts are reported in this review and presented with new pictures for clarification. These in vitro applications can be deployed in disease modeling and subsequent pharmaceutical research and also pave the way for tissue regeneration. The main focus herein is on the potential of dental stem cells for hard tissue regeneration, especially bone, by evaluating their potential for osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and the regulation of these two processes by growth factors and environmental stimulators. Current in vitro and in vivo publications show numerous benefits of using dental stem cells for research purposes and hard tissue regeneration. However, only a few clinical trials currently exist. The goal of this review is to pinpoint this imbalance and encourage scientists to pick up this research and proceed one step further to translation.
Highlights
Regenerative medicine is an interdisciplinary field that is concerned with finding ways to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs [1]
Dental stem cells (DSCs) could be used in various areas: in basic research to study developmental processes, such as development of the tooth or disease modeling and pharmaceutical investigations, or for regenerative medicine, especially if induced pluripotent stem cells are generated from them
These include the generation of immortalized dental stem cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and organoids
Summary
Regenerative medicine is an interdisciplinary field that is concerned with finding ways to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs [1]. Stem cells are a fundamental part of regenerative medicine, and since their isolation from the bone marrow in the 1970s they have been isolated from various tissue sources [2,3,4,5] Dental tissues such as wisdom teeth or periodontal ligaments are relatively new sources for stem cells. This review introduces the isolation, characterization, and subsequent applications of DSCs in research These include the generation of immortalized dental stem cell lines, iPSCs, and organoids. Osteogenesis and angiogenesis are vital processes for hard tissue regeneration; the potential of DSCs for these two processes will be discussed in this review as well. Current clinical trials using dental stem cells will be summarized
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