Abstract
Molecular recognition elements (MREs) can be short sequences of single-stranded DNA, RNA, small peptides, or antibody fragments. They can bind to user-defined targets with high affinity and specificity. There has been an increasing interest in the identification and application of nucleic acid molecular recognition elements, commonly known as aptamers, since they were first described in 1990 by the Gold and Szostak laboratories. A large number of target specific nucleic acids MREs and their applications are currently in the literature. This review first describes the general methodologies used in identifying single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers. It then summarizes advancements in the identification and biosensing application of ssDNA aptamers specific for bacteria, viruses, their associated molecules, and selected chemical toxins. Lastly, an overview of the basic principles of ssDNA aptamer-based biosensors is discussed.
Highlights
Target detection in diagnostics and sensors relies on successful molecular recognitions
This review focuses on the recent advancements in the identification and biosensing application of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecular recognition elements (MREs) specific for bacteria, viruses, their associated biomolecules, virulence factors, and selected biological and chemical toxins
The target first binds to a primary capturing MRE, followed by the binding a secondary reporting MRE along with a redox molecule, which can generate an enhanced signal for sensitive detection [263]
Summary
Target detection in diagnostics and sensors relies on successful molecular recognitions. It is more difficult to amplify RNA MREs during selection, as reverse transcription to DNA must be performed prior to PCR For these given reasons, there is a bigger hurdle to successfully identify and apply RNA MREs in molecular detection, and this review has chosen to focus on the discussion of ssDNA MREs in biosening applications. Identified ssDNA MREs with known sequences can be chemically synthesized at low cost and without batch to batch variations [8] Different modifications such as thiol or amino functional groups can be incorporated onto the 3 and/or 5 ends of oligonucleotides during synthesis and utilized for immobilization on solid platforms. This review focuses on the recent advancements in the identification and biosensing application of ssDNA MREs specific for bacteria, viruses, their associated biomolecules, virulence factors, and selected biological and chemical toxins Detection of these targets has been shown to be important in
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