Abstract
X-ray scintillation detectors based on metal halide perovskites have shown excellent light yield, but they mostly target applications with spatial resolution at the tens of micrometers level. Here, we use a one-step solution method to grow arrays of 15-μm-long single-crystalline CsPbBr3 nanowires (NWs) in an AAO (anodized aluminum oxide) membrane template, with nanowire diameters ranging from 30 to 360 nm. The CsPbBr3 nanowires in AAO (CsPbBr3 NW/AAO) show increasing X-ray scintillation efficiency with decreasing nanowire diameter, with a maximum photon yield of ∼5 300 ph/MeV at 30 nm diameter. The CsPbBr3 NW/AAO composites also display high radiation resistance, with a scintillation-intensity decrease of only ∼20–30% after 24 h of X-ray exposure (integrated dose 162 Gyair) and almost no change after ambient storage for 2 months. X-ray images can distinguish line pairs with a spacing of 2 μm for all nanowire diameters, while slanted edge measurements show a spatial resolution of ∼160 lp/mm at modulation transfer function (MTF) = 0.1. The combination of high spatial resolution, radiation stability, and easy fabrication makes these CsPbBr3 NW/AAO scintillators a promising candidate for high-resolution X-ray imaging applications.
Highlights
X-ray imaging with micrometer spatial resolution is desirable for the development of applications in physical, materials, and life sciences.[1−3] High spatial resolution imaging systems for absorption contrast or phase contrast commonly employ indirect detectors that use a scintillator coupled to a CCD or CMOS camera.[4−7] The scintillator absorbs the X-ray photons and converts them into visible light, which is focused onto a sensor using a high-resolution objective lens.[7,8]
Several studies have demonstrated Metal halide perovskite (MHP) nanowires in anodized aluminum oxide (AAO),[23−26] but the reported nanowire lengths range from hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers, which is not sufficient for efficient X-ray detection
Low-temperature solution growth offers lower cost and higher scalability than more complex synthesis methods, and it could be extended to other MHPs
Summary
X-ray imaging with micrometer spatial resolution is desirable for the development of applications in physical, materials, and life sciences.[1−3] High spatial resolution imaging systems for absorption contrast or phase contrast commonly employ indirect detectors that use a scintillator coupled to a CCD or CMOS camera.[4−7] The scintillator absorbs the X-ray photons and converts them into visible light, which is focused onto a sensor using a high-resolution objective lens.[7,8] The key advantage of X-rays is the long penetration length, which allows nondestructive analysis for medical imaging, industrial inspection, etc. When the scintillator thickness is increased, the light can spread laterally and reduce the spatial resolution. The trade-off between sensitivity and resolution makes the fabrication of efficient scintillators for X-ray imaging with micrometer spatial resolution a challenge. Using the CsPbBr3 NW/AAO scintillator, X-ray images are able to distinguish line pairs with a spacing of 2 μm, which is significantly better than the tens of micrometers reported previously for MHP nanocrystal film scintillator screens.[12,13,19,21] The scintillators show an increasing photon yield for decreasing nanowire diameters, with ∼5300 ph/MeV for the smallest 30 nm diameter. CsPbBr3 NW/AAO scintillators promising for improved X-ray microscopy imaging
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