Single-Cell Expression Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 and Host Proteases in Normal and Malignant Lung Tissues from Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Patients.

Guangchun Han,John V Heymach,Paul Scheet,Don L Gibbons,Boning Gao,Edwin J Ostrin,Ignacio I Wistuba,Seyed Javad Moghaddam,Elena Bogatenkova,Luisa M Solis,Tina Cascone,Boris Sepesi,Linghua Wang,Humam Kadara,John D Minna,Christopher S Stevenson,Kieko Hara,Junya Fujimoto,Warapen Treekitkarnmongkol,Jichao Chen,Kyle Chang,Carmen Behrens,Ansam Sinjab,Luc Girard,Jerry W Shay ,Steven M Dubinett ,Avrum Spira ,Patrick Mckinley Brennan ,Lauren A Byers ,Beatriz Sánchez-Espiridión ,Jianjun Zhang

doi:10.3390/cancers13061250

Abstract

Simple SummaryThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to spread rapidly on a global scale. When presenting with severe respiratory complications, COVID-19 results in markedly high death rates, particularly among patients with comorbidities such as cancer. Motivated by the ongoing global health crisis, we leveraged a growing in-house cohort of pulmonary tissues from lung cancer patients to analyze, at high resolution, the expression of host proteins implicated in the entryway of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into lung epithelial cells. Our results identify key pathways in lung pathobiology and inflammation that offer the potential to identify novel markers and therapeutic targets that can be repurposed for clinical management of COVID-19, particularly among lung cancer patients, a population that represents over half a million individuals in the United States alone. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Severely symptomatic COVID-19 is associated with lung inflammation, pneumonia, and respiratory failure, thereby raising concerns of elevated risk of COVID-19-associated mortality among lung cancer patients. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the major receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into lung cells. The single-cell expression landscape of ACE2 and other SARS-CoV-2-related genes in pulmonary tissues of lung cancer patients remains unknown. We sought to delineate single-cell expression profiles of ACE2 and other SARS-CoV-2-related genes in pulmonary tissues of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. We examined the expression levels and cellular distribution of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2-priming proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 in 5 LUADs and 14 matched normal tissues by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. scRNA-seq of 186,916 cells revealed epithelial-specific expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and TMPRSS4. Analysis of 70,030 LUAD- and normal-derived epithelial cells showed that ACE2 levels were highest in normal alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells and that TMPRSS2 was expressed in 65% of normal AT2 cells. Conversely, the expression of TMPRSS4 was highest and most frequently detected (75%) in lung cells with malignant features. ACE2-positive cells co-expressed genes implicated in lung pathobiology, including COPD-associated HHIP, and the scavengers CD36 and DMBT1. Notably, the viral scavenger DMBT1 was significantly positively correlated with ACE2 expression in AT2 cells. We describe normal and tumor lung epithelial populations that express SARS-CoV-2 receptor and proteases, as well as major host defense genes, thus comprising potential treatment targets for COVID-19 particularly among lung cancer patients.

Highlights

In late December 2019, an outbreak of lung pneumonia initially of unknown cause was reported in China [1]
Prompted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by infection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, we leveraged our unique lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and normal lung tissue scRNA-seq dataset to interrogate at single-cell resolution lung expression patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as well as TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, two related membranebound serine proteases recently shown to be crucial for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein priming upon entry [7,10]
These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 receptor and priming proteases are restricted to epithelial cells in the ecosystem of the normal and malignant lung

Summary

Introduction

In late December 2019, an outbreak of lung pneumonia initially of unknown cause was reported in China [1]. This emerging disease, termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), was soon thereafter attributed to infection with the novel zoonotically-transmitted coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [2]. Lung cancer was found to correlate with adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 [3] This has raised key questions in the clinical management of patients with both COVID-19 and lung malignancy and warrants a deeper knowledge of the yet unknown pathological mechanisms and effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with lung cancer

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