Abstract
ERCP is the standard treatment for common bile duct stones (CBD stones). On the other hand, in approximately 10% of patients with CBD stones, the complete removal of the stones cannot be achieved by conventional ERCP, which performs endoscopic sphincterotomy followed by stone extraction. Additional advanced and complex procedures are often necessary to remove these "difficult bile duct stones", including endoscopic papillary large balloon dilatation or mechanical lithotripsy. Advances in cholangioscopy have made electrohydraulic or laser lithotripsy under direct endoscopic visualization possible during ERCP. Cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy using the SpyGlass DS system could be a better treatment tool for removing difficult stones. The focus of this review was to describe single-operator cholangioscopy in the management of difficult CBD stones.
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