Abstract
Multidimensional sensing offers advantages in accuracy, diversity and capability for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of multiple analytes, however, the previous reports usually require complicated synthesis/fabrication process and/or need a variety of techniques (or instruments) to acquire signals. Therefore, to take full advantages of this concept, simple designs are highly desirable. Herein, a novel concept is conceived to construct multidimensional sensing platforms based on a single indicator that has capability of showing diverse color/fluorescence responses with the addition of different analytes. Through extracting hidden information from these responses, such as red, green and blue (RGB) alterations, a triple-channel-based multidimensional sensing platform could consequently be fabricated, and the RGB alterations are further applicable to standard statistical methods. As a proof-of-concept study, a triple-channel sensing platform is fabricated solely using dithizone with assistance of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for hyperchromicity and sensitization, which demonstrates superior capabilities in detection and identification of ten common heavy metal ions at their standard concentrations of wastewater-discharge of China. Moreover, this sensing platform exhibits promising applications in semi-quantitative and even quantitative analysis individuals of these heavy metal ions with high sensitivity as well. Finally, density functional theory calculations are performed to reveal the foundations for this analysis.
Highlights
Multidimensional sensing offers advantages in accuracy, diversity and capability for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of multiple analytes, the previous reports usually require complicated synthesis/fabrication process and/or need a variety of techniques to acquire signals
These RGB alterations are applicable to standard statistical methods (e.g. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA)) for further evaluating the capability of such a sensing platform in detection and discrimination of multiple analytes
To reveal the nature of distinct color responses of dithizone to diverse metal ions, of which lay the foundation for constructing the as-proposed triple-channel multidimensional sensing platform, we extend our efforts to apply the experimental means and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the interactions between the probe and heavy metal ions
Summary
Multidimensional sensing offers advantages in accuracy, diversity and capability for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of multiple analytes, the previous reports usually require complicated synthesis/fabrication process and/or need a variety of techniques (or instruments) to acquire signals. As a proof-of-concept study, a triple-channel sensing platform is fabricated solely using dithizone with assistance of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for hyperchromicity and sensitization, which demonstrates superior capabilities in detection and identification of ten common heavy metal ions at their standard concentrations of wastewater-discharge of China. Much better sensing performances are achieved with assistance by the addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a surfactant that is known for hyperchromicity and sensitization to a probe This sensing platform is found to be excellent in the detection and identification of ten common heavy metal ions at their standard concentrations of wastewater-discharge of China. The combination of experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the distinct color responses of the probe to metal ions result from the different interactions, electron distributions and transitions
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