Abstract
Extreme-ultraviolet high-order-harmonic pulses with 1.6·10(7) photons/pulse at 32.5 eV have been separated from multiple harmonic orders by a time-preserving monochromator using a single grating in the off-plane mount. This grating geometry gives minimum temporal broadening and high efficiency. The pulse duration of the monochromatized harmonic pulses has been measured to be in the range 20 to 30 fs when the harmonic process is driven by an intense 30 fs near-infrared pulse. The harmonic photon energy is tunable between 12 and 120 eV. The instrument is used in the monochromatized branch of the Artemis beamline at the Central Laser Facility (UK) for applications in ultrafast electron spectroscopy.
Highlights
Laser pulses as short as a few femtoseconds are nowadays available for high-resolution time-domain spectroscopic applications to many areas of science from solid-state physics to biology [1]
Grazing-incidence diffraction gratings may be used in two different geometries: the classical-diffraction mount (CDM) and the off-plane mount (OPM)
The instrument has two different and interchangeable diffracting stages both used at grazing incidence, one with the gratings in the CDM and the other in the OPM
Summary
Laser pulses as short as a few femtoseconds are nowadays available for high-resolution time-domain spectroscopic applications to many areas of science from solid-state physics to biology [1]. The use of the XUV emission in a narrow band requires the spectral selection of a single harmonic with a suitable monochromator that has to preserve the temporal duration of the XUV pulse as short as the time resolution required for the experiment. Free-electron-laser (FEL) sources are nowadays available to generate spatially coherent XUV/X-ray radiation with characteristics similar to the light from conventional optical lasers, ultrashort time duration and an increase of 6–8 orders of magnitude on the peak brilliance with respect to third-generation synchrotron sources [7,8,9]. A single grating may be used for the spectral selection of ultrashort pulses without altering in a significant way the pulse duration, provided that the number of illuminated grooves at first diffraction order is equal to the actual resolution. The design allows us to realize a broad-band grazing-incidence single-grating monochromator with either ultrafast time response with low spectral resolution or a longer time response with higher resolution
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