Abstract
Nutritional and environmental epigenetics are involved with the repression of anti-aging genes that are linked to the chronic disease epidemic. Unhealthy diets inactivate the calorie sensitive gene Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) involved in epigenetic processes that promote immune system alterations, mitochondrial apoptosis, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), diabetes and Nitric Oxide (NO) modification with relevance to core body temperature involved with appetite regulation, glucose homeostasis and hepatic xenobiotic metabolism. The interplay between NO and epigenetics has attracted interest with relevance to autoimmune disease and mitophagy that has become of critical concern to diabetes and the development of MODS. Future research involved with nutritional research and the maintenance of Sirt 1 transcriptional control is critical to the prevention of MODS that is linked to the immune system and insulin resistance. In the developing world bacterial lipopolysaccharides a critical repressor of Sirt 1 is now involved with NAFLD and various organ diseases relevant to tissue accumulation of xenobiotics from various environments with relevance to MODS and the global chronic disease epidemic.
Highlights
Specific genes that are involved in epigenetics are sensitive to nutritional regulation, oxidative stress and the development of insulin resistance that can result from changes in cellular chromatin structure, DNA methylation and histone modifications with relevance to the global chronic disease epidemic [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Epigenetic modifications induced by unhealthy diets or environmental xenobiotics involve the anti-aging genes [8] that alter gene expression in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) in the brain [4,5] with effects on peripheral lipid metabolism and energy expenditure that involve the adipose tissue and liver with immune alterations [9,10,11] that determine the survival of cells in various tissues (Figure 1)
SCN defects are related to the peripheral circadian clock dyssynchrony [115] that determine Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) regulation of low adiponectin and melatonin levels involved in the metabolic syndrome, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and reverse cholesterol transport [61,83,116] with relevance to diabetes and the severity of Multiple Organ Disease Syndrome (MODS) (Figure 2)
Summary
Specific genes that are involved in epigenetics are sensitive to nutritional regulation, oxidative stress and the development of insulin resistance that can result from changes in cellular chromatin structure, DNA methylation and histone modifications with relevance to the global chronic disease epidemic [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Epigenetic modifications induced by unhealthy diets or environmental xenobiotics involve the anti-aging genes [8] that alter gene expression in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) in the brain [4,5] with effects on peripheral lipid metabolism and energy expenditure that involve the adipose tissue and liver with immune alterations [9,10,11] that determine the survival of cells in various tissues (Figure 1). Nutritional diets and environmental xenobiotics are involved with the repression of anti-aging genes with epigenetic alterations linked to the global chronic disease epidemic.
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