Abstract
Choledochoscopy has transformed the field of pancreatobiliary endoscopy by allowing direct visualization of the biliary tree, selective biopsy, and destruction of intraductal stones. The technique was developed 4 decades ago and initially was used only intraoperatively or through established percutaneous tracks.1,2 In the 1970s, Kawai et al3 adapted the technique to be used in conjunction with duodenoscopy. This advancement provided a single endoscopic solution to 2 important problems in the field: (1) indirect imaging of the biliary and pancreatic tree obtained by available techniques, such as ERCP, and (2) inability to sample ductal tissue, unless through invasive surgical procedures or less-sensitive intraductal brushings.
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