Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising tool in regenerative medicine due to their capacity to differentiate into multiple lineages. In addition to MSCs isolated from bone marrow (BMSCs), adult MSCs are isolated from craniofacial tissues including dental pulp tissues (DPs) using various stem cell surface markers. However, there has been a lack of consensus on a set of surface makers that are reproducibly effective at isolating putative multipotent dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs). In this study, we used different combinations of surface markers (CD51/CD140α, CD271, and STRO-1/CD146) to isolate homogeneous populations of DMSCs from heterogeneous dental pulp cells (DPCs) obtained from DP and compared their capacity to undergo multilineage differentiation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting revealed that 27.3% of DPCs were CD51+/CD140α+, 10.6% were CD271+, and 0.3% were STRO-1+/CD146+. Under odontogenic conditions, all three subsets of isolated DMSCs exhibited differentiation capacity into odontogenic lineages. Among these isolated subsets of DMSCs, CD271+ DMSCs demonstrated the greatest odontogenic potential. While all three combinations of surface markers in this study successfully isolated DMSCs from DPCs, the single CD271 marker presents the most effective stem cell surface marker for identification of DMSCs with high odontogenic potential. Isolated CD271+ DMSCs could potentially be utilized for future clinical applications in dentistry and regenerative medicine.
Highlights
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the ability to renew themselves and to differentiate into various specialized tissues, making them an attractive treatment modality in regenerative medicine.[1]
Using two surface combination of CD51/CD140a or STRO-1/CD146, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) revealed that 27.3% of dental pulp cells (DPCs) were CD511/CD140a1 and 0.3% of DPCs were STRO-11/CD1461 (Figure 1a)
While numerous stem cell surface markers have been routinely used to identify putative mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), specific markers for successful isolation of dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) that lead to potent differentiation into multiple lineages are lacking.[10,13]
Summary
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the ability to renew themselves and to differentiate into various specialized tissues, making them an attractive treatment modality in regenerative medicine.[1]. Evidence has suggested that MSCs may be present in virtually any vascularized tissue in the body.[4,5] In recent years, MSCs derived from craniofacial tissues including dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) have been identified as a putative alternative.[6] Similar to BMSCs, these DMSCs are multipotent progenitor cells with: (1) the capability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell types, (2) ease of isolation, and (3) lack of immunogenicity.[7] When compared to BMSCs, DMSCs may be more advantageous for regenerating craniofacial defects because they are readily available without risk as DMSCs can be isolated from discarded tissues such as third molars.[8] Approximately, 70% of dental patients have third molars that require extractions providing an abundant source of DMSCs that can be cryopreserved for potential future use.[9] These DMSCs can be obtained from dental pulp tissues (DPs), periodontal ligament, and apical papilla.[10] Among these different types of DMSCs, DMSCs from DP are the most widely studied as similarities in biochemical pathways for odonto/osteogenic differentiation between BMSCs and DMSCs from DP have already been established.[11]
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