Single and Multisite Graphene‐Based Electroretinography Recording Electrodes: A Benchmarking Study

Abstract

AbstractElectroretinography (ERG) is a clinical test employed to understand and diagnose many retinopathies. ERG is usually performed by placing a macroscopic ring gold wire electrode on the cornea while flashing light onto the eye to measure changes in the transretinal potential. However, macroscopic gold electrodes are severely limiting since they do not provide a flexible interface to contact the sensitive corneal tissue, making this technique highly uncomfortable for the patient. Another major drawback is the opacity of gold electrodes, which only allows them to record the ERG signal on the corneal periphery, preventing central ERG recordings. To overcome the limitations of metal‐based macroscopic ERG electrodes, flexible electrodes are fabricated using graphene as a transparent, flexible, and sensitive material. The transparency of the graphene is exploited to fabricate microelectrode arrays (MEAs) that are able to perform multisite recording on the cornea. The graphene‐based ERG electrodes are benchmarked against the widely used gold electrodes in a P23H rat model with photoreceptor degeneration. This study shows that the graphene‐based ERG electrodes can faithfully record ERGs under a wide range of conditions (light intensity, stage of photoreceptor degeneration, etc.) while offering additional benefits for ERG recordings such as transparency and flexibility.