Single- and multi-tank energy storage for solar heating systems: fundamentals

Abstract

A multi-tank liquid-water system for storing low-temperature solar-derived heat is investigated experimentally and analytically. The motivation is a perceived economic advantage of the proposed system over single-tank systems in solar heating systems where the required total volume of water is rather large — say 2000 l or more. In the proposed system, the individual tanks in the multi-tank system (each with a volume of about 200 l) are interconnected by means of two strings of immersed-coil heat exchangers: the first string serially connects exchangers that have been immersed at the bottoms of the tanks, the second connects exchangers that have been immersed at the tops of the tanks. The first string will be connected to the solar collector loop and the second in the load loop. The present work experimentally demonstrates the degree of effective stratification that the multi-tank system can achieve, as well as a thermodynamically advantageous ‘thermal diode’ effect. It also describes a model for a multi-tank system as well as experiments that validate the model. Part of the multi-tank model is a model for a single tank with immersed coil heat exchanger, and this model drew upon a ‘reversion-elimination’ algorithm from the recent literature. The validity of the reversion-elimination algorithm is supported by the present experiments.