Abstract
BackgroundMosquitoes transmit a number of arboviruses associated with disease outbreaks in humans and other animals. The majority of medically important arboviruses belong to three families: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae and Bunyaviridae. Several members of these families have overlapping distributions and share common vectors, increasing the potential for arboviral coinfections. This study examined how two model viruses: Sindbis virus (SINV, Togaviridae: Alphavirus) and dengue-4 virus (DENV-4, Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) may interact in C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells and in the mosquito vector Ae. albopictus.MethodsC6/36 cells were coinfected, superinfected, or singly infected with SINV and DENV-4 and the two viruses quantified at different time points. Four to seven day old adult females of Ae. albopictus were also fed blood containing one or both viruses and viral infection and dissemination rates determined.ResultsSindbis virus suppressed replication of DENV-4 in C6/36 Ae. albopictus cells with greater inhibition occurring when the two arboviruses were inoculated simultaneously compared to sequentially. In addition, Ae. albopictus simultaneously exposed to both arboviruses had significantly lower DENV-4 infection and population dissemination rates compared to those exposed to DENV-4 alone.ConclusionThese results suggest that certain Alphaviruses may interfere with DENV-4 transmission by suppressing its replication and increasing vector refractoriness. The findings provide important insights into the potential contribution of mixed arboviral infections to DENV transmission dynamics.
Highlights
Mosquitoes transmit a number of arboviruses associated with disease outbreaks in humans and other animals
DENV-4 at 1:15 or 15:1 (DENV)-4 virus titers increased over time across all treatments with the highest titers occurring among single infection treatments compared to dual infection treatments and among superinfection treatments compared to coinfection treatments (Figure 2)
DENV-4 titers were lowest in 1:15 DENV-4: Sindbis virus (SINV) coinfection treatment followed by 1:1 DENV-4: SINV and 15:1 DENV-4:SINV coinfection
Summary
Mosquitoes transmit a number of arboviruses associated with disease outbreaks in humans and other animals. The majority of medically important arboviruses belong to three families: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae and Bunyaviridae Several members of these families have overlapping distributions and share common vectors, increasing the potential for arboviral coinfections. The majority of medically important mosquito-borne viruses belong to three families: Flaviviridae (e.g. dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV)), Togaviridae (e.g. Chikungunya (CHIKV), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEEV)) and Bunyaviridae (e.g. the California group viruses such as La. Crosse virus (LACV)). Mixed arboviral infections may generally interact synergistically where at least one virus facilitates replication or transmission of the other virus, or antagonistically where one virus benefits and its presence and activity reduces the fitness of the second virus.
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