Abstract
BackgroundPeriodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the loss of connective tissue and alveolar bone. There is an increasing evidence that periodontitis is associated with a number of chronic disease, including osteoporosis. Periodontitis and osteoporosis are both bone destructive diseases and of high prevalence in adult population. Osteoporosis could increase some inflammatory factors that also participate in the progression of periodontitis, so as to facilitate the alveolar bone resorption. Simvastatin, specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme reductase, is of pleiotropic effects including anti-catabolic and anabolic effect on bone metabolism. This study aimed to explore the local and systemic effect of simvastatin on maxillary in rats with both osteoporosis and periodontitis.MethodsThirty-six 4-month-old female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to six groups: sham group, ligature group, ovariectomized (OVX) + ligature group, local simvastatin administration to OVX + ligature rats (local simvastatin group), oral simvastatin administration to OVX + ligature rats (oral simvastatin group), local and oral simvastatin administration to OVX + ligature rats (L&O simvastatin group). One month after OVX, ligatures were placed on the maxillary first (M1) and second molars (M2) for 4 weeks on all rats except those in the sham group, followed by simvastatin treatment for 2 months. The maxillae, serum, and femurs were collected for further examination including micro-computed (micro-CT) tomography, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and the three-point bending test.ResultsLocal simvastatin administration increased alveolar crest height and prevented local alveolar bone loss without alteration of systemic bone loss. Oral administration prevented local and systemic bone loss with no effect on alveolar crest height.ConclusionsOur results indicate that simvastatin has the potential of promoting bone formation and reducing alveolar bone loss in maxillary following ovariectomy (OVX) and ligature placement in rats.
Highlights
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the loss of connective tissue and alveolar bone
The local simvastatin, oral simvastatin, and L&O simvastatin groups were associated with increased bone volume/ tissue volume (BV/TV), increased Tb.Th, and decreased Tb.Sp compared to the OVX + ligature group (Figure 1B, C, and E)
The local simvastatin and L&O simvastatin groups had partially prevented the reduction in alveolar crest height in the buccal side (27%/ 28%, local/L&O), the palatal side (21%/23%, local/L&O), and the buccal and palatal sides (23%/24%, local/L&O; p < 0.05; Figure 2B, C, and D) compared to the OVX + ligature group
Summary
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the loss of connective tissue and alveolar bone. Osteoporosis could increase some inflammatory factors that participate in the progression of periodontitis, so as to facilitate the alveolar bone resorption. Simvastatin, specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme reductase, is of pleiotropic effects including anti-catabolic and anabolic effect on bone metabolism. In 2011, Moon HJ et al [17] proved that simvastatin acted as an osteoclastogenesis inhibitor by suppressing reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling pathways Simvastatin has both anti-catabolic and anabolic effect on bone metabolism. Vaziri H et al [18] have evaluated the effect of simvastatin on ligature-induced bone resorption in the mandible of ovariectomized rats. Their results demonstrated the protective effects of local simvastatin administration on a periodontal attachment apparatus and ABL. We aimed to explore the effect of simvastatin on maxillary and compare the effects of local and oral simvastatin administration in a rat model with both periodontitis and osteoporosis
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