Abstract
Widespread in citrus fruits, naringin, a natural 2,3-dihydroflavonoid, is of particular interest to scientists and has a broad range of beneficial bioactivities to health. Orally administered naringin remains in the gut tract for a relatively long time because of its low bioavailability. Under the metabolism mediated by human gut microbiota, naringin could be an active precursor for derived metabolites to play important physiological roles. However, naringin and its metabolites are hard to accurately quantify due to severe endogenic interference. In this study, an analytical rapid resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-MS/MS) method coupled with stable isotope deuterium-labeling is developed and validated to simultaneously quantify naringin as well as its major human gut microbial metabolites naringenin and 3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid. By eliminating the matrix interferences, this strategy not only confirms naringenin and 3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid as the predominant metabolites which contribute to the pharmacological effects of naringin but also provides a suitable choice for other flavonoid pharmacokinetics study.
Highlights
Fruits enrich our life with good taste and contain abundant bioactive constituents to protect human health, since consumption of fruits can help reduce risks of various diseases [1]
We develop a precise and sensitive rapid resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-MS/MS) method coupled with application of stable isotope deuterium-labeling to simultaneously quantify naringin, naringenin, and HPPA under the metabolism mediated by human intestinal microbes
The synthesis scheme and 1 H, 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of [20,30,50,60 D4 ]naringenin and 3-(40 -hydroxyphenyl)-[20,30,50,60 -D4 ]propanoic acid are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively
Summary
Fruits enrich our life with good taste and contain abundant bioactive constituents to protect human health, since consumption of fruits can help reduce risks of various diseases [1]. Among the bioactive contents in citrus fruits, flavonoids are of particular interest to researchers due to their protective effects against inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers [2,3]. A natural 2,3-dihydroflavonoid, presents dominantly in citrus fruits and has been reported to possess a broad range of bioactive effects on health such as protection against oxidation [4,5], hyperlipidemia [6], and neurological disorders [7,8]. The results of the metabolism mediated by human intestinal microbes could be positive or negative, which is correlated to bioactivities of the subsequent metabolites [16]
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