Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) was co-treated either with second cheese whey (SCW) or winery effluents (WE) using pilot-scale biological trickling filters in series under different operating conditions. Two pilot-scale filters in series using plastic support media were used in each case. The first filter (i.e., Cr-SCW-filter or Cr-WE-filter) aimed at Cr(VI) reduction and the partial removal of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (d-COD) from SCW or WE and was inoculated with indigenous microorganisms originating from industrial sludge. The second filter in series (i.e., SCW-filter or WE-filter) aimed at further d-COD removal and was inoculated with indigenous microorganisms that were isolated from SCW or WE. Various Cr(VI) (5–100 mg L−1) and SCW or WE (d-COD, 1000–25,000 mg L−1) feed concentrations were tested. Based on the experimental results, the sequencing batch reactor operating mode with recirculation of 0.5 L min−1 proved very efficient since it led to complete Cr(VI) reduction in the first filter in series and achieved high Cr(VI) reduction rates (up to 36 and 43 mg L−1 d−1, for SCW and WW, respectively). Percentage d-COD removal for SCW and WE in the first filter was rather low, ranging from 14 to 42.5% and from 4 to 29% in the Cr-SCW-filter and Cr-WE-filter, respectively. However, the addition of the second filter in series enhanced total d-COD removal to above 97% and 90.5% for SCW and WE, respectively. The above results indicate that agro-industrial wastewater could be used as a carbon source for Cr(VI) reduction, while the use of two trickling filters in series could effectively treat both industrial and agro-industrial wastewaters with very low installation and operational costs.
Highlights
Nowadays, the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from industrial/agro-industrial wastewaters remains a huge challenge, leading to an important problem in the field of wastewater purification [1].Chromium has found a wide range of applications and under normal conditions exists in two stable oxidation states: hexavalent (Cr(VI)) and trivalent (Cr(III))
The effect of second cheese whey (SCW) or winery effluents (WE) on Cr(VI) reduction was examined in an attached growth system (Cr-SCW-biofilter or Cr-WE-biofilter) under various operating conditions
The post-treatment of the treated wastewater was examined in a second biofilter that was connected in series (SCW-biofilter or WE-biofilter) to further reduce the organic load
Summary
The removal of inorganic (heavy metals, such as Cr, Pb, and Cd) and organic pollutants (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids) from industrial/agro-industrial wastewaters remains a huge challenge, leading to an important problem in the field of wastewater purification [1]. Chromium has found a wide range of applications and under normal conditions exists in two stable oxidation states: hexavalent (Cr(VI)) and trivalent (Cr(III)). Water 2018, 10, 382 the environment than Cr(III). Cr(III) has low solubility in water (
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