Abstract
Early nutrition of pullets could determine the overall development and the performance of laying hens. With the aim to reduce the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) and to maintain the growth and development of pullets, the effect of simultaneous short-termed supplementation of AGPs (bacitracin zinc 20 mg/kg and colistin sulfate 4 mg/kg) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) DSM17299 probiotic, as well as the effect of supplementation of AGPs (bacitracin zinc 20 mg/kg and colistin sulfate 4 mg/kg) during the whole period (0~16 weeks) on the overall growth and development, intestinal health, and caecal microbiota of pullets were evaluated. In the present study, a total of 630 one-day-old Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly distributed into five equal groups: including the AGPs group (supplemented with AGPs based on basal diets for 16 weeks), the BA3 group (supplemented with AGPs and B. subtilis based on basal diets for 3 weeks), the BA6 group (for 6 weeks), the BA12 group (for 12 weeks), and the BA16 group (for 16 weeks). When compared with the AGPs group, the supplementation of AGPs + B. subtilis for the first 3 weeks could maintain overall growth performance, including the average body weight, average feed intake, average daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of pullets at 3, 6, 12, and 16 weeks of age (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, the characteristic growth indexes in different periods were separately measured. At 3 weeks of age, the amylase activity in ileum was elevated (P = 0.028), and the length of tibia was up to the standard in the BA3 group. At 12 weeks of age, the increased villus height (P = 0.046) of jejunum, increased villus height (P = 0.023) and ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P = 0.012) of ileum, decreased crypt depth (P = 0.002) of ileum, and elevated mRNA levels of sucrase in jejunum (P < 0.05) were all identified in the BA3 group. At 16 weeks of age, the secreted immunoglobulin A (sIgA) content in the jejunum mucosa of the BA3 group was greater than the other groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, altered intestinal microbiota was found in the BA3 group. Specifically, decreased amounts of Alistipes, Bacteroides, Odoribacter, Dehalobacterium, and Sutterella and increased amounts of Lactobacillus, Dorea, Ruminococcus, and Oscillospira were determined (P < 0.05) in the BA3 group at week 6. Meanwhile, decreased amounts of B. fragilis and C. leptum (P < 0.05) were identified in the BA3 group at week 12, which were found to be relevant for the improvement of intestinal morphology (P < 0.05) by Pearson analysis. In conclusion, simultaneous supplementation of AGP and B. subtilis for 0~3 weeks increased the relative abundance of beneficial microbiota in caecum in 0~6 weeks, then improved the intestinal morphology by elevating populations of B. fragilis and C. leptum in 7~16 weeks, and further upregulated sucrase expression and increased sIgA content in the intestinal mucosa in 13~16 weeks.
Highlights
Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) are widely used in livestock production to provide protection against pathogens and to maintain health and productivity (Brown et al, 2017)
Rehman et al (2012) demonstrated that the simultaneous administration of antibiotics and probiotics had the most significant positive effects on intestinal homeostasis by the stabilization of the intestinal microbial composition, which indicated that the probiotics were active when simultaneously applied with antibiotics and the simultaneous supplementation of antibiotics and probiotics was beneficial for the formation of salutary gut microbiota
Simultaneous supplementation of AGP and B. subtilis for a short period (0∼3 weeks) could maintain normal growth in 0∼16-week-old pullets, which was similar to the effect of supplementation with AGPs for the whole period (0∼16 weeks)
Summary
Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) are widely used in livestock production to provide protection against pathogens and to maintain health and productivity (Brown et al, 2017). With the increase in demand for poultry products with high quality, it is imperative to exploit effective special additives and related additive approach that can both stimulate the productive potential and maintain the health of broilers in order to gradually replace the AGPs (Yang et al, 2009; Bai et al, 2017) One such potential alternative of AGPs in poultry was Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), which could rebalance the intestinal microflora by creating an anaerobic environment and by competitively inhibiting the pathogen, improve growth performance by promoting intestinal development and by promoting the digestion and absorption functions, and enhance intestinal health by improving immune function (Guo et al, 2016; Gao et al, 2017; Jayaraman et al, 2017; Mahmouda et al, 2017). The simultaneous supplementation of antibiotics and probiotics could serve as an approach to gradually replace antibiotics
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