Abstract
THE response of the ionosphere to solar flares has been studied mostly by the sudden changes which develop in the D-region. A study of the ionosphere as a whole during flare events is much more instructive but also much more difficult, because ionospheric sounders cease to function because of the greatly enhanced absorption in the D-layer. Sudden frequency deviations (SFD) in h.f. radio signals reflected from the ionosphere provide a very useful technique and have been used extensively for the study of the rapid changes which occur in the E and F-regions during solar flares1.
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