Simultaneous scanning ion conductance and atomic force microscopy with a nanopore: Effect of the aperture edge on the ion current images

Abstract

Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a technique for high-resolution non-contact imaging, particularly powerful for live cell studies. Despite debates on its lateral resolution, consensus is that a probe presenting a tip with small opening aperture, large opening angle, and large outer-to-inner radius ratio will offer a SICM current signal more sensitive to tip-sample separation, ultimately impacting the image resolution. We report here the design of such a probe, integrating a nano-opening (<20 nm opening diameter) with increased outer-to-inner radius ratio and a wide opening angle through microfabrication and ion milling. The probe consists of a microfluidic atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever offered by the Fluid Force Microscope (FluidFM) technology, able to act as an SICM and AFM probe. Such a combination allows investigating the implications of the new probe geometry on the SICM imaging process by simultaneously recording currents and forces. We demonstrate through experiments on well-defined samples as well as corresponding simulations that by integrating a nanopore onto the FluidFM, nanoscale features could be successfully imaged, but the increased sensitivity of the probe current to sample distance comes with higher sensitivity to an inherent SICM wall artefact.