Simultaneous quantification of four metabolites of sulfur mustard in urine samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction

Abstract

Four HD urinary metabolites including hydrolysis metabolite thiodiglycol (TDG), glutathione-derived metabolite 1,1′-sulfonylbis[2-S-(N-acetylcysteinyl)ethane] (SBSNAE), as well as the β-lyase metabolites 1,1′-sulfonylbis[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethane] (SBMSE) and 1-methylsulfinyl-2-[2-(methylthio) ethylsulfonyl]ethane (MSMTESE) are considered as important biomarkers for short-term retrospective detection of HD exposure. In this study, a single method for simultaneous quantification of the four HD metabolites in urine samples was developed using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). The four urinary metabolites were simultaneously extracted from urinary samples using a solid phase extraction (SPE) method with high extraction recoveries for all four metabolites varied in the range of 71.1–103% followed by UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. The SPE is simple and high effective only requiring 0.1mL of urinary samples and 0.5h time consuming. The problem of previous co-elution of TDG and SBSNAE in UHPLC was well solved, and complete separation of TDG, SBSNAE, SBMSE and MSMTESE from SPE-processed urine matrix was obtained to increase specificity and sensitivity. A full method validation was performed for each analyte in urine matrix. The linear range of calibration curves for the four analytes were respectively from 0.50–500ngmL−1 for TDG and SBSNAE, 0.05–500ngmL−1 for SBMSE and MSMTESE with coefficient of determination value (R2) ≥0.990. The limit of detection was 0.25ngmL−1 for TDG and SBSNAE, 0.01ngmL−1 for SBMSE and MSMTESE spiked in normal urine. The intra/inter-day precision for each analyte at three QC levels had relative standard deviation (%RSD) of ≤10.3%, and the intra/inter-day accuracy ranged between 88.0–108%. This developed method allows for simultaneous and trace measurement of four HD urinary metabolites within one single determination with the lowest usage amount of urine samples over all previous methods This study provides a useful tool for early diagnosis and monitoring of HD poisoning for medical treatment with high confidence, avoiding the need for application of several analysis methods.