Simultaneous Multiselective Spectroelectrochemical Sensing of the Interaction between Protein and Its Ligand Using the Redox Dye Nile Blue as a Label

Abstract

A new binding assay for a protein and its ligand based on a spectroelectrochemical method was demonstrated using avidin-biotin and 17beta-estradiol-antiestradiol antibody. The sensor consists of a selective film coated on an optically transparent electrode (OTE) consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO). Attenuated total reflection (ATR) was used for optical detection. The binding event of the ligand to the protein was detected using the ligand labeled with the electroactive dye Nile blue (NB). The spectroelectrochemical behaviors of NB and the labeled ligand were investigated using various ion-exchange films, such as perfluorosulfonated ionomer (Nafion), Nafion-silica, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-silica, poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA)-silica, and heparin-silica films, which were spin-coated on the ITO electrode. The optical signal was monitored to follow the accumulation of labeled ligand in the film and its electrochemical modulation. The signal from the labeled ligand possesses three modes of selectivity based on charge-selective partitioning, the chosen electrolysis potential, and the particular wavelength for measuring absorbance. The interaction between the labeled ligand and its protein was observed by the decrease in the changes of optical response of the labeled ligand, indicating the specific binding of labeled ligand to the protein.