Abstract
.Significance: There is an essential need to develop wearable multimodality technologies that can continuously measure both blood flow and oxygenation in deep tissues to investigate and manage various vascular/cellular diseases.Aim: To develop a wearable dual-wavelength diffuse speckle contrast flow oximetry (DSCFO) for simultaneous measurements of blood flow and oxygenation variations in deep tissues.Approach: A wearable fiber-free DSCFO probe was fabricated using 3D printing to confine two small near-infrared laser diodes and a tiny CMOS camera in positions for DSCFO measurements. The spatial diffuse speckle contrast and light intensity measurements at the two different wavelengths enable quantification of tissue blood flow and oxygenation, respectively. The DSCFO was first calibrated using tissue phantoms and then tested in adult forearms during artery cuff occlusion.Results: Phantom tests determined the largest effective source–detector distance (15 mm) and optimal camera exposure time (10 ms) and verified the accuracy of DSCFO in measuring absorption coefficient variations. The DSCFO detected substantial changes in forearm blood flow and oxygenation resulting from the artery occlusion, which meet physiological expectations and are consistent with previous study results.Conclusions: The wearable DSCFO may be used for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of blood flow and oxygenation variations in freely behaving subjects.
Highlights
Oxygen is a critical component of the microenvironment required for supporting cellular activities
Blood flow is highly sensitive to pathophysiological alterations,[5] could be an indicator for the detection of diseases that are associated with tissue ischemia such as peripheral artery disease, cerebral vascular disease, neurological disorders, and
We have previously developed and tested an innovative, wearable, single-wavelength diffuse speckle contrast flowmetry (DSCF) technique, which provides a simple, low-cost, fiber-free, and compact method for continuous monitoring of blood flow variations in deep tissues of animals and humans.[21,43]
Summary
Oxygen is a critical component of the microenvironment required for supporting cellular activities. Blood flow is highly sensitive to pathophysiological alterations,[5] could be an indicator for the detection of diseases that are associated with tissue ischemia such as peripheral artery disease, cerebral vascular disease, neurological disorders, and Journal of Biomedical Optics. Liu et al.: Simultaneous measurements of tissue blood flow and oxygenation. Cancers.[6,7,8,9,10,11] There are growing interests in simultaneous measurements of blood flow and oxygenation alterations as more comprehensive biomarkers for tissue health/injury than one single parameter alone.[12,13,14] a combination of tissue blood flow and oxygenation allows to estimate the metabolic rate of tissue oxygen consumption,[12,15] another important functional parameter highly associated with tissue pathology
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