Abstract
.Multimodal monitoring has become particularly common in the study of human brain function. In this context, combined, synchronous measurements of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) are getting increased interest. Because of the absence of electro-optical interference, it is quite simple to integrate these two noninvasive recording procedures of brain activity. fNIRS and EEG are both scalp-located procedures. fNIRS estimates brain hemodynamic fluctuations relying on spectroscopic measurements, whereas EEG captures the macroscopic temporal dynamics of brain electrical activity through passive voltages evaluations. The “orthogonal” neurophysiological information provided by the two technologies and the increasing interest in the neurovascular coupling phenomenon further encourage their integration. This review provides, together with an introduction regarding the principles and future directions of the two technologies, an evaluation of major clinical and nonclinical applications of this flexible, low-cost combination of neuroimaging modalities. fNIRS–EEG systems exploit the ability of the two technologies to be conducted in an environment or experimental setting and/or on subjects that are generally not suited for other neuroimaging modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and magnetoencephalography. fNIRS–EEG brain monitoring settles itself as a useful multimodal tool for brain electrical and hemodynamic activity investigation.
Highlights
Investigation of human brain functions has become of great interest within the scientific community
FNIRS is a relatively new neuroimaging technique that has become a useful tool for brain activity monitoring due to its portability and lightweight properties and its limited costs. functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a scalp-based optical spectroscopic measurement that uses light injection and detection points to measure hemodynamic fluctuations in the brain tissues.[1,2,3] fNIRS can record the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect, which is the compensatory hemodynamic response occurring in the brain due to the increased oxygen demand in activated brain areas. fNIRS relies
Assessment of neurovascular coupling through fNIRS–EEG during anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of brain electrical activity was performed by Dutta et al.[65,66,67]
Summary
Investigation of human brain functions has become of great interest within the scientific community. It should be stressed that, with respect to the application section, the goal of the review is to report to the reader an up-to-date overview of where and for what purposes the multimodal procedure was applied, and it is not intended to report meta-analysis or to perform an indepth critical evaluation of the specific findings within each application. These analyses would be not suited for a single, broad-topic review of the technology and its applications and should be reported in more focused, single-field-of-application, reviews
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