Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and simultaneous method was established and validated for the active clinical components of teicoplanin and ramoplanin in environmental water by LC-MS/MS coupled with cascade elution. Moreover, a cascade elution method, which was rapid, solvent-less, and high-extraction efficient was successfully proposed to realize the extraction and purification of seven targets in one step. Under optimized conditions, the method showed excellent linearity with the correlation coefficient (R2) ≥0.998 in the range of 1.0–100.0 ng L−1. Low matrix effects and good recoveries which ranged from 86 to 114% were reached with RSDs lower than 3.0% for most targets. The limits of detection and limit of quantification were 0.1–1.3 and 0.3–4.0 ng L−1, respectively. This method was successfully applied for the determination of teicoplanin and ramoplanin in water samples from the Pearl River and the South China Sea. TA2-2,3 was quantified in only one sample with the concentration of 8.0 ng L−1.
Highlights
Antibiotics are an effective approach for the treatment of various bacterial infections and animal growth promotion
The results showed that the 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution was the best
The [M + 2H]2+ ion was found with a best response toward TEC and RAM, and the [M + 3H]3+ ion was most suitable for PMB among these three ions due to its strong response intensity
Summary
Antibiotics are an effective approach for the treatment of various bacterial infections and animal growth promotion. In the past 10 years, glycopeptide antibiotics have been incrementally used as the last resort for the clinical treatment of serious Gram-positive bacterial infections (Wilson, 2000; Binda et al, 2014). Teicoplanin (TEC) and ramoplanin (RAM) are commonly used and studied antibiotics in clinical settings (Farver et al, 2005; Tanwar et al, 2014). TEC, extracted from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus, is used to treat various serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections (Cavalcanti et al, 2010). RAM is a novel antibiotic with unique antibacterial mechanisms and significant activities against MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Clostridium difficile (Farver et al, 2005). TEC and RAM are transferred to the environmental water
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