Abstract
Metabolism of [2-13C]pyruvate, [1,2-13C]ethanol, and NH4+ in the presence and absence of 7 nM insulin has been followed at 35 degrees C by alternate scan 13C and 31P NMR at 90.5 and 145.8 MHz, respectively, in isolated perfused liver from 16-h fasted rats. With this technique, 31P and 13C NMR spectra are recorded simultaneously so that both phosphate metabolites and 13C-labeled metabolites could be followed, noninvasively, in perfused liver to give a comprehensive view of the response to a variety of stimuli. 13C-labeled glycogen increased synchronously, at a rate of 17 mumol of glucose units/g of liver/h, with the synthesis of 13C-labeled glucose, which also proceeded at a rate of 17 mumol/g of liver/h; glycogenesis was essentially a gluconeogenic process under these conditions and was not affected by the presence of insulin. From the position of the 13C-labeled citrate peak observed in liver, the measurement of Kd for the citrate-Mg complex under our conditions, and the expression relating these quantities to the concentration of free Mg2+, the intracellular level of free Mg2+ is estimated to be 0.46 +/- 0.05 mM in perfused rat liver. After subsequent administration of glucagon, a rapid decrease in glycogen and citrate was seen by 13C NMR and a 44% increase in glycero-3-phosphocholine was seen by 31P NMR; increase in glycero-3-phosphocholine is consistent with stimulation of liver phospholipase activity by glucagon. The co-administration of two different 13C-labeled substrates introduced multiplet structure arising from spin-spin interaction between labeled adjacent carbons into the peaks of several key metabolites. 13C enrichments at specific carbons of citrate, glutamate, glutamine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose and the distribution of intensity within the multiplets of specific carbons were measured in spectra of perfusates and extracts of the freeze-clamped livers. Within the context of a first order model for fluxes into the Krebs cycle and into glucose, analytical expressions were written that describe the intensity distributions within the several multiplets. In this way, a set of simultaneous equations was generated and solved in general form; when the measured intensity ratios are substituted into these expressions, relative fluxes under the conditions of the experiment can be estimated. Because a redundancy of information is available, checks on self-consistency are built into the estimated fluxes.
Highlights
From the position of the 13C- in liver, it is of interest that, in an investigationof gluconeolabeled citrate peak observed in liver, the measure- genesis from 13C-labeledglycerols, each of which contained a ment of Kd for the citrate-Mgcomplex under ourcon- tracer amount of the I4C counterpart, it was shown that the ditions, and the expression relating these quantittioes specific label distribution measured directly in the living cell the concentrationof free M e, the intracellular level by 13CNMR agreed closely with the14Cisotopic distributions of free Mg2+ is estimated to be 0.46 f 0.05 mM in determined by classicalisolation procedures in extractsof the perfused rat liver
Glucagon, arapid decrease inglycogen and citrate was In the present study, the gluconeogenic pathway from [Z
Seen by 13CNMR and a 44% increase in glycero-3- ’3C]pyruvate, [1,2-’3C]ethanol, and NH,+ is followed in isophosphocholine wasseen by 31PNMR; increasein lated perfused rat liver in thepresence and absenceof insulin
Summary
PERISTALTIC PUMP throughpyruvatecarboxylation, while ethanol became the exclusive source of acetyl-coA, it was not possible VORTTEEFXLOPNLUG. The liver was bathed expressions describing the distributionof I 3 C NMR intensity in the outflow perfusate which left the tube via two exit holes in the within the multiplets of these metabolites are solved to give a quantitative estimate of the relative fluxes. After 30-40 min of flow-through perfusion, theperfusate wasexchanged for onecontainingfresh, washed dog erythrocytes suspendedto a hematocrit of 27% in Krebs' bicarbonate buffer a t pH 7.4; this buffer contained 10% *H20,2% dialyzed bovine serum albumin, and 0.05% of an antibiotic-antimycotin mixture (GIBCO, Catalog No 600-5240) This perfusate was require the measurement of the absolute quantities of any recirculated at a flow rate of 1.5 to 1.6 ml/min/g of liver using a metabolite, it is important to note that both the preparation peristaltic pump (Model 2115, LKB Instruments, Hicksville, NY).
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