Abstract
More luminous than classical novae, but less luminous than supernovae, lies the exotic stellar eruptions known as Intermediate luminosity optical transients (ILOTs). They are divided into a number of sub-groups depending on the erupting progenitor and the properties of the eruption. A large part of the ILOTs is positioned on the slanted Optical Transient Stripe (OTS) in the Energy-Time Diagram (ETD) that shows their total energy vs. duration of their eruption. We describe the different kinds of ILOTs that populate the OTS and other parts of the ETD. The high energy part of the OTS hosts the supernova impostors—giant eruptions (GE) of very massive stars. We show the results of the 3D hydrodynamical simulations of GEs that expose the mechanism behind these GEs and present new models for recent ILOTs. We discuss the connection between different kinds of ILOTs and suggest that they have a common energy source—gravitational energy released by mass transfer. We emphasize similarities between Planetary Nebulae (PNe) and ILOTs, and suggest that some PNe were formed in an ILOT event. Therefore, simulations used for GEs can be adapted for PNe, and used to learn about the influence of the ILOT events on the central star of the planetary nebula.
Highlights
Intermediate luminosity optical transients (ILOTs) are exotic transients which fall in between the luminosities of novae and supernovae (SN)
We show the results of the 3D hydrodynamical simulations of giant eruptions (GE) that expose the mechanism behind these GEs and present new models for recent ILOTs
We showed simulations of the most massive and energetic outbursts that consist of the ILOTs group, the GEs in very massive stars (VMS)
Summary
Intermediate luminosity optical transients (ILOTs) are exotic transients which fall in between the luminosities of novae and supernovae (SN). The ILOTs are discussed in this paper and many more are classified according to their total energy and eruption timescale (see Section 2) using a tool named the energy-time diagram (ETD). Most ILOTs reside on the optical transient stripe (OTS) on the ETD that gives us information about the power involved in the eruption and its magnitude. The black asterisk represents the total available energy (modeled value for some ILOTs). The optical transient stripe is populated by ILOT events powered by gravitational energy or complete merger events or vigorous mass transfer events. Novae models are marked with a green line [1] with red crosses [2] or with diamonds [3]. The lower-left part (hatched in green) is our extension for younger objects [6], including ASASSN-15qi (red square), where the planets are of lower density and can more undergo tidal destruction
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