Abstract
The storm tide is a combination of the astronomical tide and storm surge, which is the actual sea water level leading to flooding in low-lying coastal areas. A full coupled modeling system (Semi-implicit Eulerian-Lagrangian Finite-Element model coupled with Wind Wave Model II, SELFE-WWM-II) for simulating the interaction of tide, surge and waves based on an unstructured grid is applied to simulate the storm tide and wind waves for the northeastern coast of Taiwan. The coupled model was driven by the astronomical tide and consisted of main eight tidal constituents and the meteorological forcings (air pressure and wind stress) of typhoons. SELFE computes the depth-averaged current and water surface elevation passed to WWM-II, while WWM-II passes the radiation stress to SELFE by solving the wave action equation. Hindcasts of wind waves and storm tides for five typhoon events were developed to validate the coupled model. The detailed comparisons generally show good agreement between the simulations and measurements. The contributions of surge induced by wave and meteorological forcings to the storm tide were investigated for Typhoon Soudelor (2015) at three tide gauge stations. The results reveal that the surge contributed by wave radiation stress was 0.55 m at Suao Port due to the giant offshore wind wave (exceeding 16.0 m) caused by Typhoon Soudelor (2015) and the steep sea-bottom slope. The air pressure resulted in a 0.6 m surge at Hualien Port because of an inverted barometer effect. The wind stress effect was only slightly significant at Keelung Port, contributing 0.22 m to the storm tide. We conclude that wind waves should not be neglected when modeling typhoon-induced storm tides, especially in regions with steep sea-bottom slopes. In addition, accurate tidal and meteorological forces are also required for storm tide modeling.
Highlights
Typhoon-induced storm surge and wind waves are major forces that pose a potential hazard in the form of coastal inundation and to shipping routes
The storm tide is caused by several components, including the astronomical tide, the low-pressure of typhoons, the9, wind stress of typhoons, the wave setup and the Coriolis force [59]
A two-dimensional hydrodynamic (SELFE-2DH) and wind wave (WWM-II) coupled modeling system (SELFE-WWM-II) was applied to hindcast the storm tide and waves induced by typhoons for the northeastern coast of Taiwan
Summary
Typhoon-induced storm surge and wind waves are major forces that pose a potential hazard in the form of coastal inundation and to shipping routes. Storm surge is classified as long gravity waves, whereas wind wave are short-period waves. The contributions of wind waves to contributions of wind waves to the momentum equation were replaced by adding an additional the were replaced by adding an additional drag coefficient to the wind stress dragmomentum coefficient equation to the wind stress equation This simple method is convenient in storm equation. Coupled models on structured or coupled wave–current models based on structured or unstructured been recently unstructured grids have been recently developed for storm grids tide have modeling despitedeveloped the high for storm tide modeling despite the high computational cost [6,7,18,19,20,21,22].
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