Abstract
The jobs–housing balance concerns the spatial relationship between the number of jobs and housing units within a given geographical area. Due to the separation of jobs and housing, spatial dislocations have occurred in large cities, which have resulted in a significant increase in commuting distance and time. These changes have ultimately led to an increase in pressure on urban traffic, and the formation of tidal traffic. In this study we introduce a multi-agent approach to examine the jobs–housing relationship under the maximum location utility of agents. The jobs/housing ratio measures the balance of the of jobs–housing relationship, as well as comparing and analyzing jobs–housing separation in Beijing by district, county, and street scales. An agent-based model was proposed to simulate spatial location selection behavior of agents by considering environmental and economical influences on residential decisions of individuals. Results show that the jobs–housing relationship imbalance in Beijing has been mainly aggravated due to rapid population growth in the 6th Ring Road. An imbalance in the jobs–housing relationship has arisen due to a mismatch with the number of households available compared to the number of jobs; the surrounding urban areas cannot provide the required volume of housing to accommodate the increase in workers. Six sets of experiments were established to examine resident agents and enterprise agents. Differences in resident agents’ income level had a greater impact on residential location decision-making, and housing price was the primary factor affecting the decision of residents to choose their residential location. The spatial distribution of jobs and housing in Beijing under the maximization of micro-agent location utility was obtained in this study. Results indicated that the imbalance in the jobs¬-housing relationship in central Beijing has improved and, compared with the initial distributions, the number of jobs–housing balance areas in Beijing has increased.
Highlights
Car dependence, traffic congestion, long commuting distance, and associated air pollution and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in metropolises have become a serious global area of concern [1,2]
Separation or jobs–housing balance are two key issues that reflect the spatial relationship of urban jobs–housing, an area that has increased in importance recently [84]
The area of jobs–housing balance refers to urban residents who can attend their place of employment from their place of residence within a given commuting distance or time
Summary
Traffic congestion, long commuting distance, and associated air pollution and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in metropolises have become a serious global area of concern [1,2]. The resulting jobs–housing imbalance (JHI) has been analyzed theoretically and empirically by urban economists, geographers, and planners, and three issues have been identified: (i) longer commuting distance—JHI can induce a longer total commuting, e.g., “wasteful” commuting; (ii) single-occupant commuting—JHI increases the rate of solo-driving trips; and (iii) social exclusion—JHI influences commuting of both workers and job-seekers who do not have their own cars. As these issues can be related to traffic congestion and deteriorating air quality, the jobs–housing imbalance has been examined as solutions are sought to address these social and environmental related problems [18]
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