Abstract
The aerosol oxidative potential (OP) is considered to better represent the acute health hazards of aerosols than the mass concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The proposed major contributors to OP are water soluble transition metals and organic compounds, but the relative magnitudes of these compounds to the total OP are not yet fully understood. In this study, as the first step toward the numerical prediction of OP, the cumulative OP (OPtm*) based on the top five key transition metals, namely, Cu, Mn, Fe, V, and Ni, was defined. The solubilities of metals were assumed constant over time and space based on measurements. Then, the feasibility of its prediction was verified by comparing OPtm* values based on simulated metals to that based on observed metals in East Asia. PM2.5 typically consists of primary and secondary species, while OPtm* only represents primary species. This disparity caused differences in the domestic contributions of PM2.5 and OPtm*, especially in large cities in western Japan. The annual mean domestic contributions of PM2.5 were 40%, while those of OPtm* ranged from 50 to 55%. Sector contributions to the OPtm* emissions in Japan were also assessed. The main important sectors were the road brake and iron–steel industry sectors, followed by power plants, road exhaust, and railways.
Highlights
The aerosol oxidative potential (OP), the potential to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells that induce airway oxidative stress and inflammation, is considered to better represent the health hazards of aerosols than the mass concentration of very fine particulate matter ( PM2.5)[1,2,3]
Within the context mentioned above, we developed a 3-dimensional model and emission inventories of the DTT-active transition metals in Asia (TMI-Asia) and Japan (TMI-Japan) and evaluated simulation results based on field measurements in Japan[23]
Daellenbach et al.[22] and this study indicated that the emission sources for P M2.5 and OP could be very different
Summary
The aerosol oxidative potential (OP), the potential to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells that induce airway oxidative stress and inflammation, is considered to better represent the health hazards of aerosols than the mass concentration of very fine particulate matter ( PM2.5)[1,2,3]. In terms of numerical simulations, a model has been proposed to determine the chemical reactions producing ROS in epithelial lining fluids[19] and a statistical model, called the land use regression model[20,21], to predict the spatial variations in OP. None of these studies has derived the spatiotemporal variations in OP via the direct simulation using 3-dimensional numerical modeling. Nishita-Hara et al.[10] and Daellenbach et al.[22] considered the coarse-mode particles
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